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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 46 (1924), S. 2329-2333 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 46 (1924), S. 2333-2337 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 193 (1962), S. 1309-1310 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The growth medium used in the present work contained 200 ml. of filtered tomato juice and 5 gm. each of tryptose, tryptone and yeast extract made up to 1 litre with distilled water. The pTL was adjusted to 6-8-6-9. Ten-mi, portions of the media in 15-ml. centrifuge tubes were sterilized by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 18 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Eleven different hardwood species were injected using a hypo-hatchet with eight different lierbicides during the spring, summer, fall and winter seasons. Late spring to fall injections gave maximum efficacy. All the herbicides were effective at the given concentrations and injection of I ml/2.5 cm of stem diameter, Least effect followed winter injections probably due to poor translocation, little active tree metabolism, and high viscosity of some formulations when air temperatures were near freezing. Spring injection tended to allow revegetation by release of lateral buds after apical meristems and leaves had been killed. Multiple clumps of red maple stems were not well controlled by single stem injection. Quatre saisons de traitement herbicide par injection de ligneux à bois dur Onze espéces ligneuses à bois dur ont été traitées par injection en utilisant une hachette spéciale, avec 8 herbicides, au printemps, en été. en automne et en hiver. Les traitements faits de la fin du printemps à l'automne ont donné le maximum d'efficacité. Tous les herbicides ont été actifs aux concentrations données et pour un volume d'injection de 1 ml pour 2,5 cm de diamétre de tige. L'effet plus faible des injections faites en hiver est probablement du à une faible migration, au métabolisme peu actif dans les arbres et à la viscositéélevée de certaines formulations lorsque les températures de I'air avoisinaient le gel. Les injections de printemps ont montré une tendance à un nouveau départ de la végétation par libération de bourgeons latéraux aprés la mort des méristémes apicaux et des feuilles. De nombreux rejets de tiges d'érable n'ont pas été détruits par une injection unique dans la tige. Herbizid-Injektionen bei Laubbdämen in vier Jahreszeiten Mit Hilfe eines Spezialbeils wurden im Frühjahr, Sommer, Herbst’ und Winter Laubbäumen 11 verschiedener Arten achtverschiedene Herbizide injiziert. Injektionen vom späten Frühjahr bis zum Herbst zeigten die beste Wirkung. Mit einer Injektion von 1 ml je 2.5 cm Stammdurchmesser waren alle Herbizide in den gewählten Konzentrationen wirkungsvoll. Den geringsten Effekt zeigten Injektionen im Winter, was wahrschein- lich auf ungenügende Translokation, geringe Stoffwechselaktivität der Bäume im Winter und hohe Viskosität einiger Formulierungen bei Lufttemperaturen in der Nähe des Gefrierpunktes zurückzuführen ist. Injektionen im Frühjajr konnten nach Abtötung von apikalen Meristemen und Blattwerk durch Entwieklung von Seitenknospen zu einem gewissen Austrieb führen. Baumgruppen von Rotahorn liessen sich durch eine einzelne Stamminjektion mit nur mässigem Erfolg bekämpfen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 3702-3710 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Absorption of waves propagating across an inhomogenous magnetic field is of crucial importance for cyclotron resonance heating. When the Larmor radius of the resonant particles is small compared to the wavelength then the propagation is described by differential equations, a comparatively simple method for obtaining which has recently been given by Cairns et al. [Phys. Fluids B 3, 2953 (1991)]. In a fusion plasma there may, however, be a significant population of ions whose Larmor radius is not small compared to the wavelength. In this case the system is described by integro-differential equations, reflecting the fact that the plasma response at a given position is determined by the wave field over a region of width of the order of the Larmor radius. The simplified method referred to above is adapted to this case and used to obtain various forms of the equations. Methods of simplifying the equations while still retaining information from the non-local response, are discussed and some illustrated numerical results presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 3 (1991), S. 2953-2959 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The inclusion of the variation of the equilibrium magnetic field across the Larmor orbits of the resonant particles is crucial for a self-consistent treatment of cyclotron resonance in plasmas. Two contrasting nonrelativistic self-consistent calculations [T. M. Antonsen and W. M. Manheimer, Phys. Fluids 21, 2295 (1978); C. N. Lashmore-Davies and R. O. Dendy, Phys. Fluids B 1, 1565 (1989)] which analyze perpendicular propagation in the same nonuniform magnetic field are compared. It is shown that the first of these, which is a full wave calculation, makes an approximation that eliminates the damping found in the second, which calculates optical depth via a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation. A new expansion of the exact integral equation describing the problem is given, producing full wave equations which incorporate the perpendicular damping. The equations are of the correct form to ensure energy conservation and can easily be obtained to any order in an expansion in terms of the ratio of Larmor radius to perpendicular wavelength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : The herbal preparation, aloe vera, has been claimed to have anti-inflammatory effects and, despite a lack of evidence of its therapeutic efficacy, is widely used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Aim : To perform a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of aloe vera gel for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis.Methods : Forty-four evaluable hospital out-patients were randomly given oral aloe vera gel or placebo, 100 mL twice daily for 4 weeks, in a 2 : 1 ratio. The primary outcome measures were clinical remission (Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index ≤ 2), sigmoidoscopic remission (Baron score ≤ 1) and histological remission (Saverymuttu score ≤ 1). Secondary outcome measures included changes in the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (improvement was defined as a decrease of ≥ 3 points; response was defined as remission or improvement), Baron score, histology score, haemoglobin, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and albumin.Results : Clinical remission, improvement and response occurred in nine (30%), 11 (37%) and 14 (47%), respectively, of 30 patients given aloe vera, compared with one (7%) [P = 0.09; odds ratio, 5.6 (0.6–49)], one (7%) [P = 0.06; odds ratio, 7.5 (0.9–66)] and two (14%) [P 〈 0.05; odds ratio, 5.3 (1.0–27)], respectively, of 14 patients taking placebo. The Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index and histological scores decreased significantly during treatment with aloe vera (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively), but not with placebo. Sigmoidoscopic scores and laboratory variables showed no significant differences between aloe vera and placebo. Adverse events were minor and similar in both groups of patients.Conclusion : Oral aloe vera taken for 4 weeks produced a clinical response more often than placebo; it also reduced the histological disease activity and appeared to be safe. Further evaluation of the therapeutic potential of aloe vera gel in inflammatory bowel disease is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Bakterienresistenz gegen β-Laktam-Antibiotika wird immer bedeutsamer. Diese Resistenz beruht oft auf der Erzeugung von β-Laktamase-Enzymen, die die Antibiotika zerstören. Sie ließe sich überwinden erstens durch Entwicklung von gegenüber dieser Zerstörung resistenten Antibiotika; zweitens durch die Entwicklung hochpotenter Antibiotika; drittens durch die Entwicklung von Antibiotika, die bei der Hydrolyse durch β-Laktamase antibakteriell aktive Gruppen freisetzen. Das vierte und vielleicht eines der zukunftsreichsten Verfahren ist die Entwicklung von Molekülen, die β-Laktamasen inaktivieren. Erprobt wurden Kombinationen von Breitband-Penicillinen mit Isoxazol-Penicillinen, die sich aber aus verschiedenen Gründen therapeutisch nicht bewährt haben. Neuerdings wurde die Klavulansäure, ein natürlich vorkommendes β-Laktammolekül, vom Verfasser und anderen Autoren untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu Isoxazol-Penicillinen hemmt die Klavulansäure die β-Laktamase-Aktivität in niedrigen Konzentrationen. Untersucht wurde die Aktivität von Ampicillin, Cephaloridin und Carbenicillin in Kombination mit Klavulansäure gegen 215 Bakterienisolate. Konzentrationen von nicht mehr als 1 mg/l Klavulansäure machten Ampicillin-resistente Stämme vonBacteroides fragilis, Haemophilus influenzae undStaphylococcus aureus empfindlich gegen übliche Blutkonzentrationen von Amoxicillin. 5 mg/l Klavulansäure brachten die Mehrzahl von Stämmen vonProteus mirabilis, alle Stämme vonProteus vulgaris, die meisten Stämme vonKlebsiella pneumoniae und einen kleinen Anteil Ampicillin resistenter Stämme vonEscherichia coli in den therapeutischen Bereich des Amoxicillins. Steigerung der Konzentration auf 10 mg/l machte die meisten Colistämme Amoxicillinempfindlich. Die Kombination ergab keine gesteigerte Aktivität gegenEnterobacter-Arten,Serratia marcescens und die meisten Stämme vonProteus rettgeri undProteus morganii. Die Kombination Carbenicillin-Klavulansäure erhöhte die Aktivität gegen Carbenicillin-empfindliche oder -resistente Stämme vonPseudomonas aeruginosa nicht. Wie zu erwarten, ließ sich die Aktivität von Amoxicillin gegen Ampicillin-empfindliche Stämme verschiedener Spezies oder gegen vorgegeben empfindliche Spezies nicht erhöhen. Bei einer experimentellen Mäuse-Infektion mittels intraperitonealer Inokulation mitKlebsiella pneumoniae erbrachte eine Kombination von Amoxicillin mit Klavulansäure (als 2malige Einzelgabe) eine stark erhöhte Schutzwirkung, im Gegensatz zum Versagen dieser Substanzen bei ihrer isolierten Verabreichung. Bei Steigerung der Infektionsdosis war eine gewisse Schutzwirkung zu beobachten, die aber nicht anhielt. Es wurde gefolgert, daß die Kombination von Klavulansäure mit einem Breitband-β-Laktam-Antibiotikum ein therapeutisches Potential darstellt und weitere Prüfung verdient.
    Notes: Summary Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is becoming increasingly important. This resistance is often mediated by the production of β-lactamase enzymes which destroy the antibiotics. Such resistance might be overcome firstly by developing antibiotics which are resistant to destruction by β-lactamase; secondly, by developing antibiotics of very high potency; thirdly, antibiotics could be developed which release antibacterially active moities on hydrolysis by β-lactamase. The fourth and perhaps one of the most promising approaches is to develop molecules which inactivate β-lactamases. Combinations of broadspectrum penicillins with isoxazole penicillins have been investigated but for various reasons were not successful in therapy. Recently clavulanic acid, a naturally occurring β-lactam molecule, has been investigated by the authors and other workers. Unlike isoxazole penicillins, clavulanic acid inhibits β-lactamase activity at low concentrations. The activity of ampicillin, cephaloridine or carbenicillin in combination with clavulanic acid against 215 bacterial isolates has been investigated. Concentrations as low as 1 mg/l of clavulanic acid regularly rendered ampicillin-resistant strains ofBacteroides fragilis, Haemophilus influenzae andStaphylococcus aureus sensitive to attainable blood concentrations of amoxycillin. 5 mg/l of clavulanic acid brought the majority of strains ofProteus mirabilis, all strains ofProteus vulgaris, most strains ofKlebsiella pneumoniae and a small proportion of ampicillin-resistant strains ofEscherichia coli into the therapeutic range of amoxycillin. Increasing the concentration of clavulanic acid to 10 mg/l rendered the majority of strains ofE. coli sensitive to amoxycillin. The combination did not show enhanced activity againstEnterobacter species,Serratia marcescens, and most strains ofProteus rettgeri andProteus morganii. There was no enhanced activity between carbenicillin and clavulanic acid against either carbenicillin-sensitive or carbenicillin-resistant strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. As would be expected the activity of amoxycillin was not enhanced against ampicillin-sensitive strains of various species or against inherently sensitive species. In a single, simple preliminary experimental mouse infection using intra-peritoneal inoculation ofKlebsiella pneumoniae, protection was suggested by a combination of amoxycillin with clavulanic acid given as two doses where as the individual drugs did not protect. It was concluded that the combined use of clavulanic acid with a broad-spectrum β-lactum antibiotic showed therapeutic potential and was deserving of further evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Sammelurine wurden von zehn freiwilligen Versuchspersonen gewonnen, die auf der Basis einer cross-over-Studie Co-Trimoxazol und eine Sulphamoxol/Trimethoprim-Kombination einnahmen. Letzteres wurde in annähernd der halben in Co-Trimoxazol enthaltenen Dosis verabreicht. Nach steriler Filtration wurde in den gesammelten Urinen die Trimethoprim-und Sulfonamid-Konzentration bestimmt. Die Urine wurden mit verschiedenenEnterobacteriaceae species inokuliert, deren minimale Hemmkonzentrationen vorher bestimmt worden waren. Die Anzahl lebender Keime wurde in diesen Urinen über 24 Stunden verfolgt und daraus wurden die Zeiten bis zur Abtötung von 90% der Bakterien berechnet. Diese Zeiten waren in jedem Experiment gut reproduzierbar, aber sie zeigten keine Korrelation zur Konzentration der Medikamente, zur Versuchsperson oder der Empfindlichkeit des Erregers mit Ausnahme von einem Organismus, der eine sehr hohe Resistenz sowohl gegenüber der Sulfonamide als auch gegenüber Trimethoprim hatte. Wenn der Organismus zumindest gegenüber Trimethoprim empfindlich war, dann wurde im allgemeinen mit jeder der Kombinationen ein langsamer bakterizider Effekt gesehen. Wir schlossen daraus, daß in dieser Versuchsanordnung die höher dosierte Kombination keinen Vorteil aufwies, was im Gegensatz zu einem früheren Bericht steht, jedoch mit einem anderen übereinstimmt. Damit wird das derzeit übliche Dosisregime von Co-Trimoxazol zur Behandlung von Harnwegsinfektionen insofern in Frage gestellt, als seine höhere Dosierung gegenüber bestimmten anderen Sulfonamid/Trimethoprim-Kombinationen in unseren Experimenten keinen Vorteil zu bringen scheint.
    Notes: Summary Urine collections were made by ten volunteers taking cotrimoxazole and a sulphamoxole/trimethoprim combination on a cross-over basis. The latter was given in approximately half the dose of cotrimoxazole. Following collection of urine and its sterile filtration, the trimethoprim and sulphonamide concentrations were estimated. The urines were then inoculated with various species ofEnterobacteriaceae whose minimum inhibitory concentrations had been previously determined. The viable counts in these urines were followed for 24 hours and from these the times to kill 90% of bacteria were calculated. These were very reproducible for any one experiment but showed no correlation with drug concentration, source of the urine or organism sensitivity, except for one organism which had high resistance to both sulphonamide and trimethoprim. When the organism was sensitive to at least trimethoprim a slow bactericidal effect was generally seen with either combination. We concluded that in this type of experiment the higher dosed combination showed no advantage contrary to a previous report, but in agreement with another. This brings into question the current dosage regime of cotrimoxazole when used to treat urinary tract infections in that its higher dosage over certain other sulphonamide/trimethoprim combinations appears to confer no advantage in our experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 4 (1985), S. 142-144 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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