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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vaccination Induces Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression in the Atlantic Salmon Eye (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the study was to investigate the presence, distribution and density of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells in the ocular tissues of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, prior to and following vaccination. Eyes were collected 14 days prior to and at 4, 11, 25 and 39 days and 4 months subsequent to vaccination with a commercial fish vaccine. A quantitative analysis was performed in sections on the number of immunopositive cells in the retinal layers. In all groups, MHC class II+ cells were detected in the area of the limbus but not in the central parts of the cornea. In the uvea, immunopositive cells were present in unvaccinated and vaccinated fish. Abundant immunopositive cells were identified in the choroid rete (or choroid gland) in all groups as well as in the ventral ciliary cleft, where macrophage-like MHC class II+ cells were seen. Quantitative histology of the retina revealed a significant increase in MHC class II+ cells in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) 4 days following vaccination. Positive cells were detected in all layers of the retina with the exception of the photoreceptor layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01279.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of Two Distinct cDNAs Encoding Parvalbumin, the Major Allergen of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Allergy to fish is common in Northern Europe. Variable reactions to different fish species are usually experienced among fish allergic patients. The allergens of cod fish and particularly the major allergen parvalbumin β (Gadus callarias) have been extensively studied in Norway. In the present communication, the white muscle parvalbumin was similarly found to be a major allergen in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Sal s1 ). A purified salmon parvalbumin was obtained by anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the muscle extracts. The antigenicity and allergenicity of salmon parvalbumin were confirmed using various immunologic and electrophoretic techniques. The protein is representative for several isoallergens judged by the amino acid (AA) sequence variance at certain sites in the AA sequence of CNBr cleavage peptides. Using sera from patients with cod and salmon allergy Sal s1 was demonstrated to be the major allergen of Atlantic salmon, as judged by RAST- and ELISA-inhibitions and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) techniques. The protein was also demonstrated to be antigenic by the use of polyclonal cod and salmon antibodies in IgG ELISA and immunoelectrophoretic methods. Cloning of parvalbumin cDNA from Atlantic salmon was performed based on an alignment of parvalbumin AA sequences from other species. A probe was generated by PCR and used for screening a salmon muscle cDNA-library. Subcloning and sequencing of two hybridizing clones revealed transcripts from two different parvalbumin genes. The translated sequences of both clones belong to the β-lineage of parvalbumins and include the entire coding region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-314.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vaccine-associated granulomatous inflammation and melanin accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., white muscle (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of variably sized pigmented foci encountered in fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The material was sampled on the fillet production line and on salmon farms from fish with an average size of 3 kg from various producers. The fish had been routinely vaccinated by injection. Gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry using antisera against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II β chain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the changes. Macroscopically, melanized foci were seen penetrating from the peritoneum deep into the abdominal wall, sometimes right through to the skin, and also embedded in the caudal musculature. Histological investigation revealed muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation containing varying numbers of melano-macrophages. Vacuoles, either empty or containing heterogeneous material, were frequently seen. The presence of abundant MHC class II+ cells indicated an active inflammatory condition. TEM showed large extracellular vacuoles and leucocytes containing homogeneous material of lipid-like appearance. The results showed that the melanized foci in Atlantic salmon fillet resulted from an inflammatory condition probably induced by vaccination. The described condition is not known in wild salmon and in farmed salmon where injection vaccination is not applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00583.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immune genes of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: application of modern molecular genetic techniques to the study of antibodies and major histocompatibility complex antigens (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 25 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Molecular cloning methods and strategies which have been employed to reveal the exact nature of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., have been discussed briefly. As in other fish species, the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) of the Atlantic salmon has the typical characteristics of the IgM heavy chain from higher vertebrates. The membrane form of IgH is somewhat special, as the mRNA splicing pattern excludes the fourth constant exon, generating a membrane-anchored IgM one domain shorter than the mammalian counterparts. This splicing pattern has also been reported from cod and catfish, and seems to be general for teleosts. Notably, Atlantic salmon possess two isotypic IgM heavy chain constant region genes. The presence of two closely related IgH genes is in accordance with the quasi-tetraploid state of the Atlantic salmon genome, which means that the entire gene complex is probably duplicated. As deduced from phylogenetically conserved amino acid residues and the pattern of polymorphic residues, MHC antigens from Atlantic salmon seem to parallel those from higher vertebrates. Improvement of disease resistance in aquaculture stocks is discussed in relation to MHC polymorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00665.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A zebrafish engrailed-like homeobox sequence expressed during embryogenesis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 231 (1988), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: (Brachydanio rerio) ; Embryogenesis ; Engrailed gene ; Homeobox ; Protein homology
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(88)80849-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homeobox sequences of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Aquaculture 85 (1990), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8486
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90006-9
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Micro-dissection and Quantitative RT-PCR as a Tool for Cell Identification (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have applied a laser micro-dissection microscope followed by RT-PCR analysis of micro-dissected tissue to identify gene expression of various immune genes in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. A major problem in teleost anatomy is the lack of specific cell markers to identify different leukocyte populations. For instance, the involvement of T-cells in inflammatory reactions is unknown. We used frozen sections from the gut of salmon fed to induce localized inflammatory reactions and micro-dissected regions showing proliferative changes. RNA was extracted from the micro-dissected specimens and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR using primers and TaqMan probes for T-cell receptor, MHC class II and elongation factor, which served as a house-keeping gene. The results showed expression of T-cell receptor, MHC class II and elongation factor. The expression of the elongation factor corresponded invariably to the area micro-dissected tissue. In conclusion, T-cells are present in teleost inflammatory reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_61.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence analysis of the zebrafish hox-B5 / B6 region
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 1173 (1993), S. 102-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: (B. rerio) ; (Zebrafish) ; Homeobox gene ; Transcription factor ; hox-B5 ; hox-B6
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-4781(93)90253-A
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning of T-cell antigen receptor beta chain cDNAs from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 45 (1996), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cDNAs encoding the T-cell antigen receptor beta chain (TCRB) were isolated from leukocyte RNA by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Twenty-five distinct cDNA fragments covering the variable (V) – diversity (D) – joining (J) junction and part of the constant (C) region were characterized; the sequences of which indicate interchangeable V/D/J usage and expression in the context of one TCRBC gene. Full-length TCRBC sequence information was derived from a leukocyte cDNA library. Key residues of the salmon TCRBC region are in good agreement with those of other species. One distinct exception is the absence of the hinge region cysteine residue which is involved in covalent bonding between the alpha and beta chain in mammalian TCRs. As in amphibian and avian species, the salmon TCRBC membrane proximal region is considerably shorter than the mammalian. An octamer sequence (GGACAGGG) very similar to amphibian, avian, and mammalian D sequences could be recognized in the VDJ junctions from salmon. The pattern of VDJ variability also indicates that mechanisms like trimming and addition occur in fish as in higher vertebrates. Compared with mammals, a relatively high frequency (32%) of the VDJ junctions in salmon were out of frame.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050161
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