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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does motor encoding enhance relational information? (1989)
    Springer
    Psychological research 51 (1989), S. 158-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary Three experiments investigated whether learning action phrases by enacting the denoted action enhances organization or not. In the first experiment it was shown that, compared to a standard learning instruction, enacting did not enhance the clustering of episodic and taxonomic lists, but it did enhance memory performance. Furthermore, the enacting effect was strongest with an unrelated list; in all lists, organization and recall correlated only under a verbal instruction and not under an enacting instruction. In the second experiment, subjects were also informed about the categories of the lists and instructed to use them to learn the items. The organization was enhanced in all cases by this procedure, but the recall performance was enhanced only with a standard learning instruction. Under enacting, information about the categories had no influence. In the third experiment this effect was replicated for a taxonomic list and could be generalized for a motor list, in which categories were in accordance with the similarities of the movement pattern. Here too the explicit category information had an effect only under a standard learning instruction, but not with enacting. We interpret these effects as support for the assumption that enacting does not enhance memory performance by better relational information. Relational information is, on the contrary, less important for recall under enacting than under a standard learning instruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309143
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verb frequency and enactment in implicit and explicit memory (1995)
    Springer
    Psychological research 57 (1995), S. 242-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract In this article we report on two experiments concerning the effects of verb frequency and enactment on explicit- and implicit-memory tests. The results showed that verb frequency and enactment had additive effects on (explicit) recognition. Moreover, an (implicit) verb-identification test showed that prior enactment had absolutely no influence on this test, while verb frequency had a clear-cut effect. These results speak in favor of the assumption that verb-frequency and enactment effects are based on different types of information. It is further assumed that the verb-frequency effect is a lexical effect, whereas the enactment effect is not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431285
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paired associate learning of action verbs with visual-or motor-imaginal encoding instructions (1989)
    Springer
    Psychological research 50 (1989), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary It is suggested that visual-imaginal encoding of actions, i.e., imagining seeing somebody else performing a described action, should be distinguished from motor-imaginal encoding, i.e., imagining how one performs the action oneself. While both kinds of encoding should provide good item-specific information, only visual-imaginal encoding should also lead to good relational encoding of word pairs. In three experiments in which subjects had to learn verb pairs, we obtained supporting data for this assumption. Although CR performance was equal to FR performance under visual-imaginal encoding, under motorimaginal encoding CR performance was worse than FR performance. In principle, this finding parallels results obtained with imagined noun pairs and with performed verb pairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309262
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recall and recognition of self-performed acts (1989)
    Springer
    Psychological research 51 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary In Experiment 1, recall and recognition of 80 action phrases were compared under two encoding conditions: verbal and motor (performing the denoted acts). Memory performance was better under motor encoding than under verbal encoding, and more so in recognition than in recall. We assume that this finding is due to the item-specific effect of a specific motor component in the memory trace after enacting. In Experiments 2 and 3 we further investigated whether false-alarm rates are dependent on the motoric similarity of distractor items. The rate of false alarms was lower under motor encoding than under verbal encoding, but the motoric similarity of distractor items to list items did not influence the false alarms. The results were interpreted as support for the assumption that motor encoding enhances item-specific information in relation to verbal encoding, but that during verbal recognition the motoric quality of the depicted movement is not processed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309146
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor similarity in subject-performed tasks (1994)
    Springer
    Psychological research 57 (1994), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, subjects learned action phrases in verbal and subject-performed tasks. They had to recognize these action phrases among foils that denoted either completely different actions, conceptually similar actions, or actions that were conceptually and motorically similar. It was found that recognition performance was impaired equally after both kinds of learning when conceptually similar distractors were used, but was impaired more after subject-performed-task learning when the distractors were both conceptually and motorically similar. The possible contribution of motor information in this interaction is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00452995
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor programme information as a separable memory unit (1984)
    Springer
    Psychological research 46 (1984), S. 283-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary Two experiments produced further evidence for the claim that motor programme information may be considered as a separate memory unit, partially independent of other memory representations. In Experiment 1, it was shown that for the comparison of shared movement components in two actions such as “turning the handle” and “stirring the ingredients”, the activation of their motor programmes is required. This is demonstrated by the finding that the execution of the first action, which preactivates its motor programmes, leads to shorter reaction times than under control conditions in which the verbally described action is only spoken. In Experiment 2, it was further shown that the execution of the action does not in every case expedite the assessment of a connection between a prime item and a target item vis à vis verbal repetition, but only where the task requires the activation of motor programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308889
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory after motoric encoding in a generation-recognition model (1991)
    Springer
    Psychological research 53 (1991), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary Two groups of subjects were required to learn taxonomic verb lists without being given explicit information about the categories. Category size was varied. Different categories were represented in the list by 2, 4, 6, or 8 instances per category. One group learned under standard learning instructions, the other learned by performing the denoted actions. We observed higher memory performances for the enacting group in free recall and recognition in comparison with those of the standard learning group. Category size did not interact with encoding condition. Free recall, but not recognition, correlated slightly positively with category size. After the memory tests a generation-recognition procedure was carried out. Subjects were given the category names and had to generate as many items as possible without reference to the learning list. After this, they had to mark the items from the learning list in their own productions. Both groups generated an equal number of items per category, but the proportion of generated old items and of recognized self-generated items was higher for the enacting group than for the standard learning group. The conclusion is discussed that enacting did not change relational information, but made items more accessible in memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941391
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pair-relational encoding of performed nouns and verbs (1991)
    Springer
    Psychological research 53 (1991), S. 232-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary Subjects had to learn lists of noun pairs and verb pairs. They were informed in advance about the test types and were tested for free recall (FR) and cued recall (CR). Three classes of encoding instructions were used: standard learning instructions, item-specific enactment instructions (to perform the denoted action of the verb or a typical action for the noun, and to do the same plus finding separate goals for the two elements of each pair), and enactment instructions that were completed by explicit instructions to integrate the word pairs (find a common goal, and find a common goal plus rating your success). There was no effect of encoding instructions on FR of nouns. There was a better FR under all enactment instructions than under standard instructions for verbs. CR decreased after item-specific enactment instructions, in contrast with standard learning instructions, but more for nouns than for verbs. CR increased after the instructions to integrate the pairs, in contrast with item-specific enactment instructions, but more for nouns than for verbs. It was concluded that enactment provides excellent item-specific information that can hardly be enhanced further, and that the item-specific information provided by concrete nouns is fundamentally good and is difficult to enhance by enactment. It is further assumed that enactment not only provides excellent item-specific information, but also hinders pair integration. Therefore, CR decreases after enactment. This decrease can only be overcome when subjects actively try to integrate the word pairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941392
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial information with pictures and words in visual short-term memory (1998)
    Springer
    Psychological research 61 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract In a delayed matching task, the influence of spatial congruence between study and test on visual short-term memory for geometric figures and words was investigated. Subjects processed series of pictures which showed three words or three geometric figures arranged as rows or as triangular configurations. At test, the elements were presented in the identical or in the alternative configuration as at study. In the non-matching case, one of the studied elements was exchanged. The delay was 5 s. Subjects judged whether the elements were the same as during study, independent of their configuration. In Exp. 1, pictures of figures and words were mixed within one list. For both modalities, the response times were longer if the configuration at test was incongruent to the one at study. This contradicts the results of Santa, who observed effects of spatial congruency for figures, but not for words. In Exp. 2 we therefore presented the same material as in Exp. 1, but now the lists were modality-pure, as in the experiment of Santa – i.e., words and figures were shown in different lists. This time, spatial incongruency impaired recognition of the figures, but not recognition of the words. These results show that in a non-verbal context, isolated visually presented words are spatially encoded as non-verbal stimuli (figures) are. However, the word stimuli are encoded differently if the task is a pure verbal one. In the latter case, spatial information is discarded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004260050032
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density and magnetic field fluctuations observed by ISEE 1–2 in the quiet magnetosheath (1995)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 13 (1995), S. 343-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We analyse the fluctuations of the electron density and of the magnetic field in the Earth’s magnetosheath to identify the waves observed below the proton gyrofrequency. We consider two quiet magnetosheath crossings i.e. 2 days characterized by small-amplitude waves, for which the solar wind dynamic pressure was low. On 2 August 1978 the spacecraft were in the outer magnetosheath. We compare the properties of the observed narrow-band waves with those of the unstable linear wave modes calculated for an homogeneous plasma with Maxwellian electron and bi-Maxwellian (anisotropic) proton and alpha particle distributions. The Alfvén ion cyclotron (AIC) mode appears to be dominant in the data, but there are also density fluctuations nearly in phase with the magnetic fluctuations parallel to the magnetic field. Such a phase relation can be explained neither by the presence of a proton or helium AIC mode nor by the presence of a fast mode in a bi-Maxwellian plasma. We invoke the presence of the helium cut-off mode which is marginally stable in a bi-Maxwellian plasma with 〈alpha〉 particles: the observed phase relation could be due to a hybrid mode (proton AIC + helium cut-off) generated by a non-Maxwellian or a non-gyrotropic part of the ion distribution functions in the upstream magnetosheath. On 2 September 1981 the properties of the fluctuations observed in the middle of the magnetosheath can be explained by pure AIC waves generated by protons which have reached a bi-Maxwellian equilibrium. For a given wave mode, the phase difference between B\Vert and the density is sensitive to the shape of the ion and electron distribution functions: it can be a diagnosis tool for natural and simulated plasmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0343-1
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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