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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR OF HONEY BEES: Organization, Genetics, and Comparisons with Other Bees (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 49 (2004), S. 271-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One key advantage of eusociality is shared defense of the nest, brood, and stored food; nest defense plays an important role in the biology of eusocial bees. Recent studies on honey bees, Apis mellifera, have focused on the placement of defensive activity in the overall scheme of division of labor, showing that guard bees play a unique and important role in colony defense. Alarm pheromones function in integrating defensive responses; honey bee alarm pheromone is an excellent example of a multicomponent pheromonal blend. The genetic regulation of defensive behavior is now better understood from the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with variation in defensiveness. Colony defense in other eusocial bees is less well understood, but enough information is available to provide interesting comparisons between A. mellifera and other species of Apis, as well as with allodapine, halictine, bombine, and meliponine bees. These comparative studies illustrate the wide variety of evolutionary solutions to problems in colony defense in the Apoidea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123155
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 931-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Here we report the genome sequence of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a key model for social behaviour and essential to global ecology through pollination. Compared with other sequenced insect genomes, the A. mellifera genome has high A+T and CpG contents, lacks major transposon families, evolves more ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05260
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of inheritance with RAPD molecular markers reveal novel types of polymorphism in the honey bee (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ; Apis mellifera ; Genetic markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to generate random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) from honey bee DNA samples in order to follow the patterns of inheritance of RAPD markers in a haplodiploid insect. The genomic DNA samples from two parental bees, a haploid drone and a diploid queen, were screened for polymorphism with 68 different tennucleotide primers of random sequence. Parents were scored for the presence or absence of individual bands. An average of 6.3 bands and 1.3 polymorphisms for presence/absence were observed per primer between the parents. Thirteen of these primers were used to determine the inheritance of RAPD marker alleles in the resulting progeny and in haploid drones from a daughter queen. Four types of polymorphisms were observed. Polymorphisms for band presence/absence as well as for band brightness were inherited as dominant markers, meeting Mendelian expectations in haploid and diploid progeny. Polymorphisms for fragment-length were also observed. These segregated in a near 1∶1 ratio in drone progeny. The last type of polymorphism was manifested as a diploid-specific band. Mixing of amplification products after PCR showed that the diploid-specific band was the result of heteroduplex formation from the DNA of alternate alleles in heterozygotes. In two of the four cases of heteroduplex formation, the alternative alleles were manifested as small fragment-length polymorphisms, resulting in co-dominant markers. This is the first demonstration that a proportion of RAPD markers are not inherited in a dominant fashion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223839
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linkage analysis of sex determination in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 512-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: RAPD markers ; Sequence-tagged site (STS) ; Haplodiploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A colony-level phenotype was used to map the major sex determination locus (designatedX) in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Individual queen bees (reproductive females) were mated to single drones (fertile males) by instrumental insemination. Haploid drone progeny of an F1 queen were each backcrossed to daughter queens from one of the parental lines. Ninety-eight of the resulting colonies containing backcross progeny were evaluated for the trait ‘low brood-viability’ resulting from the production of diploid drones that were homozygous atX. DNA samples from the haploid drone fathers of these colonies were used individually in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with 10-base primers. These reactions generated random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that were analyzed for cosegregation with the colony-level phenotype. One RAPD marker allele was shared by 22 of 25 drones that fathered low brood-viability colonies. The RAPD marker fragment was cloned and partially sequenced. Two primers were designed that define a sequence-tagged site (STS) for this locus. The primers amplified DNA marker fragments that cosegregated with the original RAPD marker. In order to more precisely estimate the linkage betweenX and the STS locus, another group of bees consisting of progeny from one of the low-brood viability colonies was used in segregation analysis. Four diploid drones and 181 of their diploid sisters (workers, nonfertile females) were tested for segregation of the RAPD and STS markers. The cosegregating RAPD and STS markers were codominant due to the occurrence of fragment-length alleles. The four diploid drones were homozygous for these markers but only three of the 181 workers were homozygotes (recombinants). Therefore the distance betweenX and the STS locus was estimated at 1.6 cM. An additional linked marker was found that was 6.6 cM from the STS locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583902
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