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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfometuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus: cross-resistance and molecular basis for resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 41 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A biotype of Amaranthus retroflexus L. is the first weed in Israel to develop resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. The resistant biotype (Su-R) was collected from Ganot, a site that had been treated for more than 3 consecutive years with sulfometuron-methyl + simazine. On the whole-plant basis, the resistance ratio (ED50 Su-R)/(ED50 Su-S) was 6–127 for sulfonylureas, 4–63 for imidazolinones, 20–35 for triazolopyrimidines and 11 for pyrithiobac-sodium. Similar levels of resistance were found also when the herbicides were applied before emergence. Based on a root elongation bioassay, Su-R was 3240-fold more resistant to sulfometuron-methyl than Su-S. In vitro studies have shown that the Su-R biotype was resistant at the enzyme level to all ALS inhibitors tested. The nucleotide sequences of two amplified regions between the Su-S and the Su-R differed in only one nucleotide. One substitution has occurred in domain A, cytosine by thymine (CCC to CTC) at position 248, that confers an exchange of the amino acid proline in the susceptible to leucine in the Su-R. The proline to leucine change in domain A is the only difference in the amino acid primary structure of the regions sequenced, indicating that it is responsible for the ALS-inhibitor resistance observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00254.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of climatic conditions and plant physiology on glufosinate-ammonium efficacy (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 41 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Under field conditions the efficacy of glufosinate-ammonium on Galium aparine L. is quite often variable. Experiments under controlled conditions with G. aparine and the more susceptible species Brassica rapa L. showed that especially low relative humidity (r.h.) and low light intensity reduced the accumulation of ammonia in the plants and glufosinate-ammonium performance. As the light intensity under field conditions always exceeds the intensities applied in the experiments this parameter may not be of practical importance. In contrast, low r.h. often occurs under field conditions and could explain the variable G. aparine control. A retention study showed that retention on G. aparine was significantly higher than on B. rapa but ammonia accumulation in the plants indicated that glufosinate-ammonium uptake by G. aparine was lower than that by B. rapa. Glufosinate-ammonium performance was improved on both species by adding ammonium sulphate to the spray solution; however, the increase in efficacy by ammonium sulphate was two times higher for G. aparine than for B. rapa. Ammonia accumulation in untreated plant parts after glufosinate-ammonium application indicated some translocation of glufosinate-ammonium in B. rapa but none in G. aparine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00214.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of non-target plants affected by airborne bromoxynil-octanoate and metribuzin (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 44 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The present study was conducted to evaluate the recovery potential of non-target plants affected by two airborne herbicides. Sunflower at the two-leaf stage was used as a test plant and exposed for 24 h in a wind tunnel to a range of concentrations of airborne bromoxynil-octanoate and metribuzin. Quantum yield (φPSII) of exposed leaves and of the second leaf pair developed after exposure was determined at a particular time up to 16 days following exposure. Maximum depression in quantum yield of exposed leaves from which a complete recovery occurred within 16 days was 63% for bromoxynil-octanoate and 60% for metribuzin respectively. The corresponding maximum concentrations were 1.310 and 0.390 μg m−3 respectively. The second leaf pair was also affected and showed a similar recovery potential. From the results it can be concluded that the significance of airborne bromoxynil-octanoate and metribuzin must not be overestimated, as sunflower and non-target plants with a similar sensitivity are likely to recover from air concentrations of both herbicides reported under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00383.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of plant-induced changes of pH upon the adsorption and phytotoxicity of s-triazlne herbicides (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 19 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of plant-induced changes of soluiion pH upon the adsorpiion of s-lriazme herbicides in either K-monimorillonite or Na - bentonite ciay-nutrieni suspensions and iheir phyioioxi- city in soil was studied. ln clay-NO3− suspensions (wiih NO3- as the nitrogen source) maize planls (Zea may L.) caused a marked rise in solution pH and this resulted in a rapid descrp- tion of bound atrazine or simazine. in clay-NHa + suspensions (with NH4 + as the nitrogen source) the lowering of solution pH through plant aclivity resulted in jnereased adsorption of these herbicides.In soil, changes of rhizosphere pH were also found when either KNO3 or (NH4) 2SO4 were supplied as fertilizers, bul it was nol established whether ihis had a direct effeci upon the significant increase in weight of (NH4)2SO4 treated wheat (Tri- ticum aestivum L.) planls at low herbicide concentrations compared with KNO3 treated wheat plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1979.tb01549.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein Vergleich von Biotests mit chemisch—analytischen Methoden zum Nachweis von Atrazin, 2,4—D, DNOC und Napropamid im Boden (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 17 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Der Abbau von Atrazin (2-Chlor-4-äthylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazin), 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure), DNOC (4,6-Dinitro-o-kresol) und Napropamid [2-(α-Naphtoxy)-NN-diäthylpropionamid] im Boden wurde mit chemisch-analytischen Methoden und mit Biotests verfolgt und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen. Der biologische Nachweis erfolgte für Atrazin mit Hirse (Sorghum-Sudangras-Hybride) in einem Gewächshaus-Test, für 2,4-D und DNOC mit einem Kressewurzeltest (Lepidium sativum L.), und Napropamid wurde mit einem Haferwurzeltest (Avena sativa L.) nachgewiesen. Der instrumentelle Nachweis wurde für Atrazin, 2,4-D und Napropamid gaschromalographisch und für DNOC kolorimetrisch durchgeführt.Die für die Herbizide typische Abbaukinetik konnte durch die Biotests nachgewiesen werden, der quantitative Nachweis war jedoch nicht befriedigend. Bei Atrazin und Napropamid wurde durch die Biotests ein schnellerer Abbau und bei 2,4-D und DNOC geringere Anfangskonzentrationen als durch die instrumentellen Methoden angezeigt. Mögliche Ursachen für die Abweichungen werden diskutiert und aus den Ergebnissen gefolgert, dass quantitative Aussagen mit Biotests erst dann gerechtfertigt sind, wenn ihre Qualität mit bewährten chemisch-analytischen Methoden überprüft worden ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00441.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of ALS inhibitor-resistant Amaranthus biotypes using polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 42 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific alleles (PASA) was adapted as a molecular marker-based method for the rapid detection of point mutations in Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus rudis leading to ALS inhibitor resistance. Two pairs of primers were designed for the specific amplification of alleles of the ALS gene of susceptible and resistant biotypes. The allele-specific primer matched the desired allele, but mismatched the different allele at its 3′ end. Differentiation was carried out by comparison of the amplified DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis after PASA-PCR. In A. rudis, differentiation was possible with one PCR and genomic DNA as probe. A ‘nested’ PCR was necessary for the differentiation of sensitive and resistant A. retroflexus. PASA is useful for the identification of resistant weed biotypes and also as a monitoring tool to map resistance occurrence and distribution. Advantages include the fast and clear separation of those plants with and without mutations at an early stage of development, its easy and consistent performance and quick results compared with existing resistance detection tests. These advantages, when combined with management strategies, enable further activities to reduce herbicide resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00285.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collaborative studies of dose-response curves obtained with different bioassay methods for soil-applied herbicides (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 22 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a collaborative study by 12 laboratories the reproducibility of bioassay techniques was analysed by comparison and statistical treatment of the ED50-values (μg herbicide/g soil). Commonlyused bioassay techniques were investigated; two direct seeding methods, a transplanting method and a shoot extension method. The herbicides studied were two photosynthesis inhibitors, atrazine and metribuzin using Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa as test plants; two germination inhibitors, tri-allate and trifluralin using Avena sativa as test plant. The mean ED50-value of atrazine in the direct seeding method was 0.18 with a variation from 0.12 to 0.29 and 0.12 (0.07–0.68) in the transplanting method. The values of metribuzin were 0.05 (0.02–0.11) and 0.03 (0.01–0.15) respectively. The values for triallate were 1.15 (0.50–2.60) in the direct seeding method and 1.10 (0.54–2.53) in the shoot extension method and for trifluralin 3.11 (0.72–18.31) and 1.33 (0.48–2.94) respectively. The reproducibility was best in the shoot extension method. No outliers (confidence intervals lying entirely outside the confidence interval of the overall mean) in the ED50-values were observed with atrazine and metribuzin when using the direct seeding method, whereas with the germination inhibitors a high number of results (four with tri-allate, six with trifluralin) could be considered as outliers. A comparison of the use of fresh weight and dry matter showed good agreement between the ED50-values they gave, with similar reproducibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1982.tb00166.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concepts in weed control -- how does biocontrol fit in? (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 87-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: weed control ; controlconcepts ; biocontrol ; thresholds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up until now there have only been twoprincipal concepts in weed control: control at any cost, and theuse of economic thresholds. Control at any cost is characteristicof situations where no effective control methods are available.The use of economic thresholds has evolved alongside chemicalcontrol, enabling weeds to be controlled effectively and at areasonable price. A future concept may be that of ecologicalthresholds, which takes into account not only the costs but alsothe benefits of weeds. The role that weed control methods shouldfulfil in arable crops, and how biocontrol methods can meet theserequirements, is discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018488631523
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