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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the gastropodsRapana rapiformis andR. venosa venosa (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 111 (1991), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paralytic toxicity was detected in four of 17 specimens and six of 28 specimens of the gastropodsRapana rapiformis andR. venosa venosa, respectively, collected from Chiching (Kaohsiung City) and Nanfangao (Ilan County), Taiwan, in 1988 and 1989. The highest toxicities, calculated as tetrodotoxin (TTX) content, were 140 and 13 mouse units (MU) g−1 digestive gland inR. rapiformis andR. venosa venosa, respectively. The toxins obtained from each species were purified by ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. The toxin's specific toxicities (as TTX) were 56 MU mg−1 (R. rapiformis) and 52 MU mg−1 (R. venosa venosa). Results of analyses by thin-layer chromatography, cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography showed that TTX and anhydrotetrodotoxin were responsible for the toxicity. The alkali hydrolysate of each toxin showed maximum absorption at ca. 274 nm, which is the unique absorption for the C9-base of TTX and its related substances (such as anhydrotetrodotoxin, 4-epitetrodotoxin, etc.). Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of TTX in the gastropodsR. rapiformis andR. venosa venosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986347
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria from the blue-ringed octopus Octopus maculosus (1989)
    Springer
    Marine biology 100 (1989), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several live specimens of the blue-ringed octopus Octopus maculosus were collected from the Philippines in November 1985, and from Japan in February 1986, and the distribution of toxicity, along with toxin composition, in the posterior salivary gland and other soft parts were examined. Tetrodotoxin (TTX: 1400 mouse units g-1) was detected in the posterior salivary gland of a Japanese specimen, while not only the salivary gland but other soft parts were toxic in the Philippine specimens. The Philippine specimens contained TTX and anhydrotetrodotoxin, the Japanese specimen TTX, 4-epitetrodotoxin, and an unknown toxin. The posterior salivary gland, intestine and other parts were excised from the Philippine specimens and examined for bacterial flora. Twenty-two dominant strains were isolated and cultured in a 2xORI medium (Ocean Research Institute, Simidu and Tsukamoto 1985) at 20°C for 20 to 48 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation, and disrupted by ultrasonication. The toxins were partially purified from the cell lyzate by ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column-chromatography. Instrumental analyses disclosed that 16 of the 22 strains produced TTX and/or related substances. Six strains which clearly exhibited TTX productivity were identified as Alteromonas (2 strains), Bacillus (2), Pseudomonas (1) and Vibrio (1), based on biochemical and biological characteristics. Of these, one strain each of Bacillus and Pseudomonas produced TTX at a level detectable by the mouse assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391147
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrio alginolyticus, a tetrodotoxin-producing bacterium, in the intestines of the fish Fugu vermicularis vermicularis (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 94 (1987), S. 625-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the mechanism of toxification in animals contaminated with tetrodotoxin, the intestinal contents of the puffer Fugu vermicularis vermicularis were examined for bacterial flora in 1985. Twenty-six out of 33 strains belonged to the genus Vibrio. These bacteria were classified into Groups I to VII, based on biological and biochemical characters. High performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, together with mouse bioassay for toxicity, clearly demonstrated that Group I produced tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin under cultivation with a medium composed of Phytone peptone (BBL) and NaCl. Some other groups also produced this toxin and/or related substances to some extent. Strains of Group I were all identified as Vibrio alginolyticus. Two strains among four produced a detectable amount of tetrodotoxin and/or anhydrotetrodotoxin, as measured by all instrumental analyses applied. Our findings suggest that some strains of V. alginolyticus are closely related to the toxification of the puffer, and probably of other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of finite size effects in a first order phase transition: High pressure Raman study of CdS microcrystallites (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 2848-2850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used Raman scattering to explore finite size effects in the phase transition of 300 A(ring) colloidal microcrystallites of CdS. By measuring the shifts in LO phonon frequencies as a function of pressure we conclude that these small microcrystallites undergo a well-defined first order phase transition similar to the one occurring in bulk CdS. However, the phase transformation in the colloids exhibits a smaller hysteresis, which we attribute to efficient annealing of defects in the high surface area colloidal material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453969
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clusters in solution: Growth and optical properties of layered semiconductors with hexagonal and honeycombed structures (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 5337-5340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy and optical absorption were used to examine small clusters of the layered semiconductors, PbI2 and BiI3. In both systems, a layer of metal is sandwiched between two hexagonally closed-packed layers of iodine. We describe a simple solution preparation which gives rise to clusters corresponding to single layer sandwiches, roughly 7 A(ring) thick, whose lateral dimensions vary from 12 to 90 A(ring) depending on the solvent and the nature of the growing cluster interface. The cluster size distributions are markedly different for PbI2 and BiI3 reflecting the different structure in the metal planes of these systems. PbI2 cluster sizes are determined by hexagonal symmetry, with cluster growth achieved by placement of lead atoms symmetrically about a smaller cluster. In BiI3, whose metal plane has a honeycombed structure like graphite, clusters grow to be much larger with their sizes determined by the closure of six-membered rings. The optical absorption spectra of PbI2 and BiI3 can be quantitatively understood in terms of the measured cluster size distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451677
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodissociation of hydrogen sulfide at 157.6 nm: Observation of SH bimodal rotational distribution (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 3940-3945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photodissociation of the H2S molecule at 157.6 nm was studied experimentally using the Rydberg tagging technique. Translational energy distributions of the H-atom product from the H2S photodissociation were measured, and the SH(X 2Π)+H(2S) channel was found to be the dominant dissociation process. Spin-orbit and rovibrational state distributions were also obtained for the SH product, which was found to be both vibrationally and rotationally excited. An intriguing bimodal rotational distribution in the lowest two vibrational states, v=0 and 1, has been clearly observed for the SH product, indicating that there are two distinctive dissociation mechanisms involved in the photodissociation of H2S at 157 nm excitation. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479736
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Determining Water-Soluble Vitamins in Commercial Capsules and Tablets (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 66 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : A rapid method was developed for simultaneously determining thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and ascorbic acid. It was tested on 15 samples. The peaks of all components were cleanly separated with good resolution by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC). CZE was performed with 0.02 M borate buffer, and MECC was performed with 4% acetonitrile in 0.02 M borate/phosphate buffer containing 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate. Average recoveries for all components were 80.3% to 103.7% with coefficients of variation being less than 5%. Thiamine, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine contents were consistent with those labeled on the packages, but nicotinamide, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid contents of some samples were less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15574.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the Lipid Composition of Fresh Water Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Marine Shrimp (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 48 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total lipid content of fresh water prawn (FWP, Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was found to be greater than that of marine shrimp (3.18 vs 1.33%). This was due to the much higher levels of triglycerides in FWP as compared to marine shrimp. The ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) predominated in FWP lipids, whereas the w3 PUFA predominated in marine shrimp, primarily due to the greater concentration of linoleic acid in FWP lipids (16.3 vs 2.9%). The triglycerides of both species contained considerable amounts of PUFA and FWP has a high triglyceride content. This may contribute, in part, to the shorter shelf-life of Macrobrachium as compared to marine shrimp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb03511.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Synthetic Colors in Soft Drinks and Confectioneries by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was developed for simultaneous determination of 14 synthetic colors in soft drinks and confectioneries. The optimal solvent of MEKC method for separating all colors was a mixed solution comprised of 18% acetonitrile and 82% 0.05 M sodium deoxycholate in borate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). These colors were well separated within 20 min using 57 cm × 75 micrometer uncoated fused-silica capillary column, operating at 25 kV and detected by UV at 214 nm. The average recovery of all colors spiked into soft drinks and confectionery was better than 82%. The addition of illegal colors was not found after testing 30 samples. In retail foods, the colorant found in highest concentration was tartrazine (155 μLgg/g sample).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10280.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoretic Identification of Muscle Proteins in 7 Puffer Species (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Species identification of puffer species using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with Coomassie blue and Coomassie blue/silver double staining was performed. A comparison was also made among extracts of sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, SDS-soluble, and urea-soluble proteins. Protein bands of lower molecular weight showed the species-specific characteristics. Double staining better discriminated the protein banding patterns of different puffer species than Coomassie blue staining. Species identification of all tested puffers could be achieved by judging from the SDS-PAGE patterns of the 4 protein extracts stained with both stains along with protein band densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09431.x
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