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Bacteriological investigation of bile in patients with cholelithiasis (1993)

Ohdan, Hideki ; Oshiro, Hisashi ; Yamamoto, Yasuji ; [et al.]

Springer

Surgery today 23 (1993), S. 390-395

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ISSN: 1436-2813

Keywords: bacteria ; cholelithiasis ; bile ; postoperative infection

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The microflora in bile from the gallbladder and common bile duct was investigated in 303 patients who underwent surgery for cholelithiasis. The purpose of this study was to identify current bacteria and bacterial casts in the biliary tract and also to analyze the relationship between bactericholia at the time of operation and postoperative infection. Bile cultures were positive in 38% of all patients, although a higher incidence of positive bile cultures occurred in patients over 70 years of age (77%), those with common duct stones (83%), those with pigment stones (65%), and those who underwent gastrectomy (71%). The predominant organisms were Escherichia coli (22%), Klebsiella (18%), and Enterococcus (15%). Obligate anaerobes were less frequently seen (4%), being found only in patients with pigment stones and always mixed with aerobes. Four patients developed postoperative infections (1.3%) which were all caused by biliary bacteria. The following two factors may contribute to this low incidence of postoperative infections: our policy of operating electively whenever possible, and the prophylactic use of antibiotics to which the organisms cultured from bile are sensitive.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309495

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Selective lumping finite element method for shallow water flow (1982)

Kawahara, Mutsuto ; Hirano, Hirokazu ; Tsubota, Khoji ; [et al.]

Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2 (1982), S. 89-112

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ISSN: 0271-2091

Keywords: Two Step Scheme ; Selective Lumping Method ; Tidal Flow ; Osaka Bay ; Engineering ; Engineering General

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: A finite element method for solving shallow water flow problems is presented. The standard Galerkin method is employed for spatial discretization. The numerical integration scheme for the time variation is the explicit two step scheme, which was originated by the authors and their co-workers. However, the original scheme has been improved to remove the erroneous artifical damping effect. Since the improved scheme employs a combination of lumped and unlumped coefficients, the scheme is referred to as a selective lumping scheme. Stability conditions and accuracy are investigated by considering several numerical examples. The method has been applied to the tidal flow in Osaka Bay and Yatsushiro Bay.

Additional Material: 18 Ill.