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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 97 (1996), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the parental origin in eight cases of constitutional trisomy 8. In all four cases of spontaneous abortion, the additional chromosome was maternal in origin and there was evidence for nullichiasmate meiosis I occurring in the genesis of this trisomy. In contrast, all four cases of liveborn trisomy 8 appear to have arisen by a mechanism consistent with the post-zygotic mitotic gain of the additional chromosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 53 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The total distance travelled during the first two kinematic stages of the escape response of short-horn sculpin was significantly greater in post spawning fish (0·41 L) than in gravid fish (0·23 L). The maximum velocity of the snout during the C-bend was significantly higher (5·6 L s−1) in postspawning fish than in gravid fish (3·8 L s−1). To investigate some of the mechanisms underlying changes in swimming performance, the contractile properties of fast muscle fibres were determined in fish of similar body length. The rate of tetanic force relaxation (time from last stimulus to 50% peak force) was 34% faster in gr avid than in postspawning fish. Maximum contraction velocity, determined by the slack-test method, was significantly higher in gravid than in postspawning fish (6·8 v. 5·9 muscle lengths s−1). In contrast, both maximum isometric stress and power output (determined from the force–velocity relationship) were 〉50% higher in fibres from postspawning than from gravid fish, even though myofibrillar protein and water contents were similar (120 mg g−1 wet mass and 86% of body mass, respectively). The results show that swimming performance and the contractile properties of fast muscle fibres vary with the reproductive cycle in short-horn sculpin acclimated to the same photoperiodic and temperature regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nodulare Anorthosite, die gerundete Aggregate (“nodules”) von Plagioklas in einer gabbroischen pyroxenitischen Matrix enthalten, kommen in beschränkten Bereichen (weniger als 500 m breit) in zentralen und östlichen Teilen der frühproterozoischen East Bull Lake Intrusion im zentralen Ontario, Canada, vor. Die Nodules liegen vorwiegend als kugelförmige bis ovoidale Aggregate vor, deren Durchmesser von 1 bis 14 cm schwankt. Größere Nodules sind aus Gruppen von aneinander gelagerten kleineren Nodules entstanden. Die Zusammensetzung von Plagioklaskernen in den Nodules zeigen geringe Variationen im Anorthit-Gehalt (An68–78), und dies weist auf ein homogenes und nicht fraktioniertes Ursprungsmagma während der ersten Stadien der Nodule-Entwicklung hin. Das beschränkte Vorkommen des nodularen Anorthosits läßt sich durch ein Modell erklären, in dem die Nodules als Reaktion auf Unterkühlung innerhalb gangartiger Bereiche in der Proto-Magmenkammer entstehen. Unterkühlung resultierte in rascher Nukleation und im Wachstum von Plagioklas auf präexistierenden Plagioklaskristallen (Ungleichgewichts-Kristallisation). Die resultierenden primären Nodules verbinden sich dann und bilden sekundäre Nodules, möglicherweise durch einen Prozeß, der eine Mg-Fe-reiche Restschmelze involviert. Migration von einem Teil dieser relativ dichten Schmelze aus der nodularen Anorthosit-Einheit während der Endstadien der Verfestigung führte zur Kompaktion und erleichterte die Bildung von großen tertiären Nodules.
    Notes: Summary Nodular anorthosite, containing rounded aggregates (nodules) of plagioclase set in a gabbroic to pyroxenitic matrix, is developed in constrictions (〈 500 m wide) within the central and eastern parts of the Early Proterozoic East Bull Lake Intrusion, central Ontario, Canada. The nodules typically occur as spherical to ovoidal aggregates ranging from 1 cm to 14 cm in diameter. Larger nodules are physical agglomerations of smaller nodules that formed in isolation. Plagioclase core compositions for the nodules display little variation in anorthite content (An68–75), indicating a homogeneous and nonfractionating parent magma during the initial stages of nodule development. The restricted occurrence of the nodular anorthosite is consistent with a model in which the nodules formed in response to elevated degrees of undercooling within dike-like constrictions in the proto-chamber. Undercooling resulted in the rapid nucleation and growth of plagioclase upon pre-existing plagioclase phenocrysts (disequilibrium crystallization). The resultant primary nodules then aggregated together forming secondary nodules, possibly through an agglomeration process involving a Mg-Fe-rich residual liquid. Migration of some of this relatively dense liquid out of the nodular anorthosite unit during the final stages of consolidation resulted in compaction and promoted the formation of large tertiary nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 21 (1969), S. 111-141 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Crystal-melt relations at a water vapour pressure of 1 kilobar have been determined for planes at 3, 5, 7.5, and 10 weight per cent anorthite in the system NaAlSi3O8KAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-SiO2. The ratio of the silicate components in the liquids which are in univariant equilibrium with plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz and gas are Ab31∶Or28∶Q38∶An3 (weight per cent) at 730°±5–10° C, Ab21∶Or34∶Q40∶An5 at 745°±5–10° C and Ab10∶Or39∶ Q43.5∶An7.5 at 780°±10° C. The univariant curve on which the above compositions lieoriginates on the H2O-saturated Or-An-Q plane at a composition containing less than 10 weight per cent An and terminates within 1.5 weight per cent An of the H2O-saturated Or-Ab-Q plane. Experimental data for the synthetic system have been used to illustrate a discussion on the partial melting of metasediments and the possible significance of such a process with respect to the genesis of granitic rocks. Data taken from the literature (Winkler and v. Platen, 1960, 1961a) have been used to illustrate that the normative salic composition of a sediment has a strong influence on the composition of any melt which form when such a rock is subjected to high temperatures and pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Turner's syndrome is a sporadic disorder of human females in which all or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Intelligence is usually normal but social adjustment problems are common. Here we report a study of 80 females with Turner's syndrome and a single X chromosome, in 55 of which the X ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 56 (1976), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Iron chlorites with compositions intermediate between the two end-members daphnite (Fe5Al2Si3O10(OH)8) and pseudothuringite (Fe4Al4Si2O10(OH)8) were synthesized from mixtures of reagent chemicals. The polymorph with a 7 Å basal spacing initially crystallized from these mixtures at 300 °C and 2 kb $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ after two weeks. Conversion to a 14 Å chlorite required a further 6 weeks at 550 °C. Shorter conversion times were required at higher water pressures. The products contained up to 20% impurities. The maximum equilibrium decomposition temperature for iron chlorite, approximately 550 °C at 2kb, is at an $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ between assemblages (1) and (2) listed below. Synthetic iron chlorite will break down by various reactions with variable P, T, and fugacity of oxygen. For the composition Fe∶Al∶Si = 5∶2∶3, the sequence of high temperature breakdown products with increasing $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ traversing the magnetite field for P total = $$P_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ =2kb is: (1) corierite+ fayalite+hercynite; (2) cordierite+fay alite+magnetite; (3) cordierite+magnetite+quartz; (4) magnetite+mullite+quartz. Almandine should replace cordierite in assemblages (1) and (2) but it did not nucleate. The significance of the relationship between iron cordierite and almandine in this system is discussed. At water pressures from 4 to 8.5 kb and $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ at the nickel-bunsite buffer, iron chlorite+quartz break down to iron gedrite+magnetite with temperature 550 to 640 °C along the curve. At temperatures 50 °C greater and along a parallel curve, almandine replaces iron gedrite. For $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ on this buffer curve, almandine is unstable below approximately 4 kb for temperatures to approximately 750 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among amphibians, the ability to compensate for the effects of temperature on the locomotor system by thermal acclimation has only been reported in larvae of a single species of anuran. All other analyses have examined predominantly terrestrial adult life stages of amphibians and found no evidence of thermal acclimatory capacity. We examined the ability of both tadpoles and adults of the fully aquatic amphibian Xenopus laevis to acclimate their locomotor system to different temperatures. Tadpoles were acclimated to either 12 °C or 30 °C for 4 weeks and their burst swimming performance was assessed at four temperatures between 5 °C and 30 °C. Adult X. laevis were acclimated to either 10 °C or 25 °C for 6 weeks and their burst swimming performance and isolated muscle performance was determined at six temperatures between 5 °C and 30 °C. Maximum swimming performance of cold-acclimated X. laevis tadpoles was greater at cool temperatures and lower at the highest temperature in comparison with the warm-acclimated animals. At the test temperature of 12 °C, maximum swimming velocity of tadpoles acclimated to 12 °C was 38% higher than the 30 °C-acclimation group, while at 30 °C, maximum swimming velocity of the 30 °C-acclimation group was 41% faster than the 12 °C-acclimation group. Maximum swimming performance of adult X. laevis acclimated to 10 °C was also higher at the lower temperatures than the 25 °C acclimated animals, but there was no difference between the treatment groups at higher temperatures. When tested at 10 °C, maximum swimming velocity of the 10 °C-acclimation group was 67% faster than the 25 °C group. Isolated gastrocnemius muscle fibres from adult X. laevis acclimated to 10 °C produced higher relative tetanic tensions and decreased relaxation times at 10 °C in comparison with animals acclimated to 25 °C. This is only the second species of amphibian, and the first adult life stage, reported to have the capacity to thermally acclimate locomotor performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Locomotor performance ; Muscle fibre ; Power ; Thermal sensitivity ; Abbreviationsα Jump take-off angle ; θ Angle between the knee-vent line and the saggital plane ; ATP adenosine tri-phosphate ; a acceleration ; b constant used in non-linear fitting algorithm of SYSTAT ; BL body length ; c constant used in non-linear fitting algorithm of SYSTAT ; D distance covered in five consecutive jumps ; DF maximum diameter of leg at femur ( includes semimembranosus, sartorius, biceps femoralis, extensor cruris) ; DT maximum diameter of leg at tibia (gastrocnemius, peroneus, and tibialis) ; EMG electromyography ; F force produced by muscle ; FTO force in the direction of take-off ; IND individual ; LF length of femoral section of leg ; LL total leg length from hip to toe ; LP locomotory parameter ; LT length of tibial section of leg ; M body mass ; MSV mean swimming velocity ; NA data not available ; o constant used in non-linear fitting algorithm of SYSTAT ; P mean power required during jump take-off ; t time ; TE body temperature ; V jump take-off velocity ; x′ corrected jump distance ; y′ height from surface to center of mass at take-off
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze individual variation in frog locomotor performance, (2) to compare the thermal sensitivity of jumping and swimming, and (3) to contrast whole animal versus muscle fiber performance at different temperatures. The jumping and swimming performance of Rana temporaria was analyzed at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C. Muscle fiber bundles were isolated from lateral gastrocnemius and subjected to the length and activation patterns thought to occur in vivo. As temperature increased, locomotor performance in R. temporaria improved with a Q 10 of 1.2 for both jump take-off velocity and mean swimming velocity. The slope of the relationship between performance and temperature (TE) was similar for both locomotor parameters and was described by the equation z-scores of locomotor performance = 0.127 × TE − 1.585. Although some frogs performed better than others relative performance was affected by locomotor type and temperature. Locomotor performance improved with temperature as the power required during take-off and the mean muscle power output increased with Q 10 values of 1.7 and 1.6 respectively. The mean muscle power output during take-off was only 34% of the calculated requirements for the whole animal, suggesting the involvement of elastic strain energy storage mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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