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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food preferences and selection by common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry under different feeding regimes (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Food preferences of common carp fry were investigated in relation to qualitative and quantitative abundance of plankton in five culture systems (live food system, manured system, exchanged manured system, intermediate system and control system), which differ in management protocols. While phytoplankton was strongly avoided, as evident in the electivity index, cladocerans constituted an important source of natural food for common carp fry held in all five culture systems. There was a positive selection of cladocerans in the manured system as well as rotifers in the live food system, although the environment was dominated by copepods and cladocerans, respectively. While in all the culture systems there was a gradual rise in the relative abundance of copepods, cladocerans tended to decline in relative abundance in the diet of older common carp held in the manured system.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPréferences et sélection de la nourriture par le frai de la carpe commune sous differents régimes alimentairesLes préferences alimentaires de la carpe commune ont été observées en rélation avec l'abondance qualitative et quantitative de plancton dans cinq systémes de culture qui differaient dans leur ménagement (systeme de nourriture vivante, application d'enrais, application d'engrais avec Cchange d'eau, systtme intermediaire et systkme contrôle). Alors que le phytoplancton était fortement rejeté, comme mis en evidence dans l'index de sélection, les cladocéres constituaient une source de nourriture naturelle importante pour le frai de la carpe commune dans les cinq systémes. Il y avait une sélection positive pour les cladocéres dans le systéme d'application d'engrais, ainsi que pour les rotiféres dans le systéme de nourriture vivante, bien que l'environnement était domine par des copépodes et des cladocéres respectivement. Dans tous les systémes de culture, il y avait une augmentation graduelle de l'abondance relative des copépodes, pendant que les cladocéres tendaient á décliner en abondance relative dans le régime des carpes plus âgées élevées dans le systéme d'application d'engrais.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Nahrungspráferenzen und Selektrion bei Karpfen-(Cyprinus carpio) Jungfischen bei unterschiedlichen FütterungsregimenDie Nahrungspräferenzen yon Karpfen-Jungfischen wurden im Verhätnis zur qualitativen und quantitativen Abundanz des Planktons in fünf Kultursystemen mit unterschiedlichen Managementprotokollen untersucht. (Lebendfutter, gedüngt, Wasseraustausch mit Düngung, kombiniertes System, Kontrollsystem). Wärend das Phytoplankton weitgehend vermieden wurde (wie aus dem Selektionsindex hervorgeht), stellten Cladoceren die wichtigste Nahrungsquelle für juvenile Karpfen in allen Kultursystemen dar. Positive Selektion konnte auch für die Cladoceren im gedüngten System und für Rotiferen im Lebendfuttersystem nachewiesen werden, obwohl im erstgenannten System Coepoden und im letztgenannten Cladoceren jominierten. Während in den Kultursystemen mit fer Zeit eine graduelle Zunahme in der relativen Abundanz der Copepoden in der Nabrung auftrat, nahmen die Cladoceren entsprechend mit zunehmendem Alter der jungen Karpfen im gedüngten System ab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1990.tb00582.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative status and contribution of sediment phosphorus and nitrogen in carp culture system fertilized with various combinations of rockphosphate (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Growth performances of advanced fry of Indian major carps. Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), were examined in simulated pond systems using monthly application of the following fertilizers in six treatments: Mussoorie rockphosphate (MPR) in low (100 kg P2O5 ha−1) and high doses (200 kg P2O5 ha−1), single superphosphate (SSP) (50 kg P2O5 ha−1), single superphosphate mixed with rockphosphate (1:1 by weight: 50 kg P2O5), compost (C) (water hyacinth and cattle manure) and composted rockphosphate (MPR-C). The amount of available P in surface sediment of MPR-C did not differ from that in either the SSP or the MPR + SSP treatment, whereas the total and available N contents differed greatly. There was an inverse relationship between the time to reach phosphate peak of water and the retention time of fertilizer in surface sediments. It is evident that total P of surface sediment was the most significant contributor to fish growth in exclusively MPR treatments, whereas total P and total N of surface sediments are involved in the MPR treatments in combination with compost or SSP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.t01-1-00853.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manipulation of stocking ratios between surface- and bottom-grazing fishes as a strategy to increase the fertilizer value of rockphosphate in a carp polyculture system (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 27 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Using twice-monthly application of rockphosphate (100 kg ha-1) and a fixed stocking density (16 000 ha-1), the influence of the application of rockphosphate on varying ratios (1:0; 1:1; 1:3) between surface feeders (catla, silver carp and rohu) and bottom grazers (mrigal, common carp and puntius) was examined in six carp polyculture ponds. Two control ponds without rockphosphate treatment with the ratio of 1:1 were used. Water and sediment quality parameters were monitored fortnightly. Maximum fish production and primary productivity were observed in the 1:3 system, followed by 1:1 and 1:0 in the rockphosphate treatments, whereas lowest values were in the control. It is suggested that manipulation in the stocking ratio between surface feeders and bottom grazers in the carp polyculture system might be a useful strategy for utilizing rockphosphate as a direct source of P fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1996.t01-1-00806.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of sediment phosphorus on utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer: a mesocosm study (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Influence of initial sediment phosphorus content of the pond sediment on P dose efficiency was examined in a laboratory experiment using four types of sediments collected from ponds located along a nutrient gradient in a sewage-fed fish farm. Each sediment type (500 g) was dispensed in a glass jar with water and treated with single super phosphate (SSP) treatment at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L−1 in triplicate. Determination of orthophosphate (OP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water and available and total P in sediment showed increased response in relation to dose and time. At a given dose, the rate of increase for all species of phosphate in sediment or water was maximum in the case of local pond (LP) soil followed by stocking pond (SP), facultative pond (FP) and anaerobic pond (AP) soil, suggesting that utililization of phosphate fertilizer was much better under oligotrophic conditions than under eutrophic states. The SSP-induced OP peak at 10 mg L−1 in LP sediment was similar to that of 5.0 mg L−1 in AP sediment containing 59% enhanced initial phosphate, implying that fertilizer application can be profitably reduced by 18% in the former without limiting the OP level in the water phase. It is concluded that dosage selection of phosphorus fertilizer in aquaculture ponds should be based on an evaluation of the initial P status of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00657.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in increasing the fertilizer value of phospate rock (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Thirty-two glass jars (3 L each) in the laboratory and outdoor tanks (300 L) were used to examine the influence of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in increasing the fertilizer value of phoshate rock in eight treatment combinations in quadruplicate. Input of water soluble hosphate was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. The level of orthophosphate in water was always lowest in the control series. Introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.1 to 0.114 mg. L-1 of orthophosphate attributable to the effect of fish excrement. Bioturbation caused by common carp resulted in as high as a 72 to 100 % influx of phosphate from bottom soil in the presence of phosphate rock but only about 7 to 8 % in the absence of phosphate rock.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung eingesetzter Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) zur Steigerung des Düngerwertes von Phosphatgestein32 Glasgefäße (3 L Volumen) wurden im Labor und 4 Behälter (300 L) im Freien aufgestellt urn den Einfluß zunehmender Düngung durch Phosphatgestein auf Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) in 8 unterschiedlichen Applikationen mit jeweils 4 Replikaten zu testen. Der Eintrag wasserloslichen Phosphats wurde bestimmt, urn die Wirkung von Bioturbation, Fischexkrementen und Bodensubstrat zu prüfen. Die Konzentration an Orthophosphat war in den Kontrollen am niedrigsten. Das Einsetzen von Karpfen-Jungfischen erhöhte die Nertozunahme des Orrhophosphats auf 0,1 bis 0,114 mg. -1 und diese Zunahme muß den Ausscheidungen der Fische zugeschrieben werden. Die durch die Karpfen verursachte Bioturbation resultiene in einer 72 bis 100% igen Zunahme des Influx des Phosphats aus dem Bodensubstrat wenn Phosphatgestein dem Boden zugegeben wurde, wahrend dieser Wert nur 7–8%) ohne Phosphatgestein betrug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00686.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of daytime aeration on the growth of Indian carp fingerlings (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of artificial daytime aeration on the growth of Indian major carp fingerlings (Labeo rohtta, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala) was tested in production tanks using 5, 2.5 and 0 hours of dail aeration with a stocking density of 60,000 ha- each and 5 hours of daily aeration at 100,000 ha-1. Under similar stocking conditions, the total fish yields at the end of a seven months growth period in the tanks with 2.5 (2.93 kg) and 5 (1.92 kg) hours of aeration were more than 85 and 21 % higher than that of the control system (1.58 kg), respectively. This was attributable to the higher rates of net primary productivity of phytoplankton, lowered ammonium and nitrite values as well as low N/P ratio in the 2.5 hour aeration treatment compared with the rest of the treatment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Auswirkungen der Belüftung zur Tageszeit auf das Wachrtum von Jungfiscben indischer KarpfenDie Wirkung täglicher Belüftung auf das Wachstum der Jungfische der wichtigsten indischen Karpfen (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala) wurde in Produktionsbecken getestet, die nichr, 2,5 Stunden und 5 Stunden täglich belüftet wurden (Besatzdichte = 60.000 Stück ha-1). In einem weiteren Experiment betrug die Besatzdichte 100.000 Stück pro ha bei 5 Stunden täglicher Belüftungsdauer. Bei vergleichbarer Besatzdichte waren die Fischerträge am Ende der sieben Monate dauernden Wachstumsperiode in den Becken mir 2,5 Stunden (2,93 kg) und 5 Stunden (1,92 k) Belüftung über 85%, bzw. 21 % höher als im Kontrollsystem (1,58 kg). Dies wurde in dem 2,5 Stunien Belüftungsexperiment der erhohten Netro-Primärproduktion des Phytoplanktons in den belüfteten Systemen zugeschrieben sowie den resultierenden geringeren Ammonium- und Nitritwerten und dem niedrigen N/P-Verhältnis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00684.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of plankton intake by Indian carp fingerlings under different feeding conditions (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The influence of different culture systems on the amount of plankton consumed by fingerlings of three carp species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala) was examined in outdoor culture tanks during a 90 day growing period. The fish were raised under two basically different feeding conditions: (a) fed with allochthonous live plankton; (b) fed with plankton grown autochthonously in the fish growing tanks fertilized with manures. Both feeding regimes were compared with control groups. It was found that the plankton intake for carp held in the live food system was significantly higher than with the manured and control systems. Related to maximum intake, maximum abundance of plankton in the live food system was a consequence of improved water quality expressed in terms of lower values of BOD and COD and higher values of DO and pH; this was conducive to fast reproduction of some of the zooplankton which constituted the major food items for the test carp, as well as to the regular exogenous introduction of live plankton. The ingestion of plankton was found to be related to carp body weight raised to the power b. The exponent b ranged from 0.29 to 0.93 during the 90-day growing period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1990.tb00496.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of bloom in a tropical lake: grazing efficiency of some herbivorous fishes (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a limnocorral study, Microcystis grazing by silver carp, bighead and tilapia was examined in an eutrophic shallow lake permanently infested with a Microcystis bloom. Twelve fingerlings of each fish species were introduced into the limnocorrals placed in the lake, in triplicate, and their grazing effects were examined over a period until the limnocorral bloom declined substantially and remained unchanged. Introduction of fish, regardless of species, into the limnocorrals resulted in sharp reductions (60–93%) of the initial Microcystis population on day 3 or 7. Maximum gross and net clearance of Microcystis were by silver carp followed by bighead and tilapia. Short-term high retention of Microcystis by tilapia indicated that the clearance effect did not last long due to a high rate of defaecation of undigested Microcystis. Nearly 6–180% nutrient enrichment of the limnocorrals was attributable to the defaecation of test fishes suggesting their ichthyoeutrophication potentials, which were in the following order: tilapia〉bighead〉silver carp. It is concluded that silver carp is most suitable for clearing Microcystis in the lake because of its minimal ichthyoeutrophication effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00104.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The plankton ecology of some thermal springs in West Bengal, India (1978)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 61 (1978), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Plankton ecology ; thermal springs ; hermotolerant algae ; seasonal succession ; limnology ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of planktonic growth kinetics in relation to the thermal environment were made over a two year period in three hot springs and one cold one located in West Bengal, India. A very characteristic feature of the Saubhagya Kund (43–49°C) and Papahara (46–51°C) was the abundance of phytoplankton, always dominated by blue-green algae. This situation changed in the other two springs where zooplankton was an essential component. The determination of the species diversity index indicated that the graph of cumulative species of plankton versus logarithm of individuals was roughly linear in Saubhagya Kund and Papahara, whereas in the other two a logistic curve was the result. The seasonal distribution of Myxophyceae/Phytoplankton was dependant upon the annual phosphorous cycle (P 〈 0.0001) in all the thermal waters studied. That the population dynamics of diatoms responded inversely to the level of phosphate (P 〈 0.05) has been clearly manifested in Swetganga (37–46°C). The variation in the silicate content of the water throughout the year has been found responsible for the seasonal succession of diatoms in some of the waters (P 〈 0.001). The multiple correlation between phosphate, silicate, dissolved oxygen and pH and Myxophyceae/Phytoplankton was significant in the case of Papahara (P 〈 0.01) and Swetganga (P 〈 0.05). Similarly, the multiple correlation between these factors and Bacillariophyceae was significant in Saubhagya Kund (P 〈 0.01). In the non-thermal water Jibatsa Kund (22–39°C), the multiple correlation between these factors and Phytoplankton was, however, not significant (P 〉 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018744
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary production and bacterioplankton in fish ponds with mono and polyculture (1979)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 62 (1979), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Primary production ; Bacterioplankton ; Fish ponds ; Monoculture ; Polyculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of primary production in relation to bacterioplankton growth kinetics have been made in three fish ponds with mono and polyculture in the Fish Farm Nivka, Kiev, USSR. Since the basic process of primary production is dependent upon such prevailing conditions as temperature, light and nutrient rather than upon the introduction of fish species, almost similar production rates were obtained in these ponds, with the variance ratio found not significantly different from zero (P 〉 0.05). So was the case with bacterioplankton growth kinetics (P 〉 0.05). A maximal gross production coupled with a bacterioplankton peak was demonstrated in the summer month of July with the rise of temperature of the water, while minimal production was observed in September. The effect of season was highly significant (P 〈 0.001) upon both primary production and bacterioplankton. Extreme deficiency of the net photosynthetic production of O2 was observed in summer due to less prevalence of phytoplanktonic algae as a consequence of heavy grazing by the herbivorous fishes at the time of their active growth. A plot of biochemical oxygen demand as function of the respiratory loss of O2 due t0 bacterial population showed a direct linear relationship (P 〈 0.001). Lack of definite correlation (P 〉 0.05) was indicated between the BOD and the total bacterioplankton population. There existed no definite relationship (P 〉 0.05) between primary production and bacterioplankton, perhaps because of the very low percentage of autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria and abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in the composition of total bacterioplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012568
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