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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of stopping smoking on cervical Langerhans'cells and lymphocytes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 108 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To investigate the effects of stopping smoking on cervical Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes.Design Prospective intervention study.Setting A large family planning clinic in central London.Population Women volunteers prepared to attempt to give up smoking for six months. Their most recent cervical smear showed no abnormality greater than mild dyskaryosis.Methods The women were seen at three-month intervals for six months. Reduction in smoking was assessed by self-reporting and validated by salivary cotinine concentrations. Colposcopy and a biopsy of a normal area were performed at the first and last visits. Any area of abnormality was also biopsied at the final visit. Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes were counted.Main outcome measures Proportional changes in counts of Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes with reduction in smoking.Results Reduction in smoking by 20 to 40 cigarettes per day was significantly associated with a reduction of between 6% and 16% in counts of Langerhans cells, CD8 and total lymphocytes. Heavy smoking was significantly associated (P= 0.02) with an increased chance of persistent human papillomavirus infection. The presence of candida was associated with significantly higher counts of between 41% and 47% in total lymphocytes and CD8 lymphocytes. In contrast, the presence of anaerobic vaginosis was associated with significantly lower counts of between 16% and 30% in Langerhans cells, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes.Conclusions This large intervention study has demonstrated a clear relationship between reduction in smoking and changes in cervical immune cell counts. Future studies need to take into account cytokine interactions, which recent studies suggest may be significant in the immune response to both human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the ever-increasing complexity of the cell-mediated immune system of the cervix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00074.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental smoking cessation and children's smoking—problems of interpretation remain: commentary on Bricker et al. (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.t01-6-00396.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A profile of tobacco smoking (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 89 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Cigarette smoking has for years been declining slowly in a number of major Western countries. It nevertheless remains highly prevalent, with one-quarter to one-third of adults being current smokers in the USA and Britain, and only some 40 per cent of those who have ever smoked cigarettes regularly have given up. Smoking is increasingly becoming a marker for deprivation and for a stressful life-style, and is also associated with consumption of other drugs. There is abundant and convincing evidence that, far from being confined to a minority of problem users, high levels of dependence on tobacco are experienced by a majority of smokers in the general population, with an onset early in the smoking career. The rewards which underpin continued smoking are unclear, but it may be that avoidance of the unpleasantness of not smoking is more significant than positively rewarding effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03732.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine absorption and dependence in unlicensed lozenges available over the counter (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim. To demonstrate the nicotine absorption and dependence potential from unlicensed nicotine containing lozenges . Design. A single case report of dependence on nicotine lozenges, plus measurements of nicotine levels before and after consumption of eight nicotine lozenges over 2 hours in volunteers. Setting. Hospital Smokers' Clinic. Participants. One male patient suffering from schizophrenia who had consumed 150 "Stoppers" lozenges per day for the previous 5 years, plus seven non-smoker volunteers . Measurements. Blood nicotine concentration . Findings. The patient's low expired carbon monoxide level (5 p.p.m.) and high plasma nicotine (32 ng/ml) and cotinine levels (947 ng/ml) were consistent with very heavy lozenge consumption. The non-smoker volunteers obtained nicotine concentrations of around 11 ng/ml by consuming eight Stoppers lozenges over 2 hours. Other brands of nicotine lozenges produced lower initial levels, but also produced delayed intestinal absorption and vomiting after food consumption . Conclusion. Nicotine lozenges are a potential aid to smoking cessation but their safety, efficacy and abuse potential remain to be properly evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.939142713.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring cigarette smoking prevalence in Britain in a timely fashion (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background  Available estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence from the General Household Survey (GHS), the source of official smoking data in Britain, can be over a year out of date. With a number of policy initiatives being undertaken at national level, it would be useful to be able to track changes in a more timely manner.Aims and design  We compared prevalence estimates from the Omnibus Survey, a monthly survey conducted by the Office for National Statistics, with those from the General Household Survey in order to examine whether they may provide a complementary and more timely source of cigarette smoking prevalence data.Findings  The age and socio-economic structure of the samples from the Omnibus and GHS surveys was very similar. When data from monthly Omnibus Surveys for the year 2000 were combined, prevalence estimates were within 1% point of those from the GHS for 2000, and overall sample sizes were also similar. The Omnibus data show a significant linear decline in prevalence between 1999 and 2002 of about 0.4% per year. This coincides with the introduction of a national strategy for reducing smoking prevalence.Conclusions  The Omnibus Survey can be a useful additional tool for assessing changes in smoking prevalence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00528.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent engineering (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    The @international journal of productivity and performance management 48 (1999), S. 88-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Concurrent engineering is an approach to product and process design aimed at shortening the development cycle and bringing products to market in a shorter timescale. Explains the fundamental concepts and highlights the key components of a successful approach to concurrent engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00438029910262464
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine withdrawal and accident rates (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 394 (1998), S. 137-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It is well known that when regular smokers quit smoking, their mood and cognitive performance typically deteriorate within a few hours of abstaining,. But do these psychological deficits, readily measured in the laboratory, cause major disruption in everyday activities, such as performance at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28076
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of smoke-free cigarettes on 24 h cigarette withdrawal: a double-blind placebo-controlled study (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Cigarette withdrawal ; Smoke-free cigarettes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a double-blind randomised trial, 40 cigarette smokers used either nicotine-containing or placebo smoke-free cigarettes during 24 h abstinence from smoking. Subjects in the nicotine group experienced smaller increases in irritability and difficulty concentrating and fewer urges to smoke than those who received placebo. Nicotine smoke-free cigarettes were rated as more satisfying, more helpful and more effective in relieving craving than placebo. After 24 h use nicotine smoke-free cigarettes provided average blood nicotine levels of 6.3 ng/ml, i.e., 29.2% of smoking levels. The most frequent side effects were irritation of the throat and coughing. Overall, side effects were rated as not serious. Although the smoke-free cigarette in its present form is not very efficient in delivering nicotine, it was effective in alleviating initial tobacco withdrawal. It is possible that by providing both nicotine and “behavioural” replacement it may be particularly useful in the first stages of stopping smoking. The product is worth further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443421
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of subcutaneous nicotine injections on EEG alpha frequency in non-smokers: a placebo-controlled pilot study (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; EEG ; Alpha frequency ; Smoking ; Non-smoker ; Subcutaneous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two subcutaneous injections of 0.6 mg nicotine, administered 40 min apart, was compared with placebo in four non-smoking subjects in a counter-balanced double-blind crossover design. The nicotine injections produced mean peak plasma nicotine concentrations of 5.3 ng/ml 10 min after the first injection and 8.5 ng/ml 10 min after the second injection. The nicotine injections produced an increase in mean dominant alpha frequency on the electroencephalogram (EEG) which was 2 Hz greater than the effect of placebo (P=0.049) and also produced a heart-rate boost which was 8 beats per minute greater than that produced by placebo (P=0.022). These effects on dominant alpha frequency and heart rate were most apparent in the 10 min following each nicotine injection. The increase in dominant alpha frequency found in non-smokers in this study was similar to that following nicotine inhalation in abstinent smokers in previous studies, and suggests that this is a primary effect of nicotine, rather than simply a reversal of withdrawal-induced EEG slowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244767
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-smokers show acute tolerance to subcutaneous nicotine (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 56-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; Nicotine tolerance ; Nicotine pharmacokinetics ; Subcutaneous dosage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma nicotine concentrations following subcutaneous (SC) injection were measured in six subjects who included three life-long nonsmokers. On average, a peak plasma level of 8.5 ng/ml (SD=3.1) was reached 15 min after the mean dose of 13.25 µg/kg nicotine base. Subjective effects were reported by five subjects. The peak heart rate response (mean boost 11 beats per min at 10 min) preceded and was already declining by the time plasma nicotine concentrations peaked. Hysteresis plots showed clear evidence of acute nicotine tolerance in subjects who had never smoked, indicating that acute tolerance is not an acquired phenomenon. The acquisition by smokers of chronic tolerance to nicotine has not yet been systematically demonstrated. Reliable dose-response studies in smokers and nonsmokers are needed, and use of the SC route for this purpose is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245744
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