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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of leaf surfaces and gas exchange to wind stress and acid mist in birch (Betula pubescens) (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1998), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Wind ; Acidic mist ; Foliar injury ; Cuticular integrity ; Gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This research demonstrates that a leaf’s response to acid mist is dependent on the integrity of the leaf cuticle and that significant differences in the structural and physiological disturbances in leaves can be attributable to different types of wind action. Betula pubescens Ehrh. plants were located at adjacent, but contrasting, sites to create different wind treatments: (i) direct wind action, (ii) indirect wind action and (iii) shelter from wind action (control). In combination with the wind treatments, acidic (pHs 5 and 3) or neutral (pH 7) mists were applied weekly. Wind action significantly increased visible leaf injury, microscopic cuticular lesions and cuticular conductance (g c ), but reduced photosynthetic rate (P N ) and stomatal conductance (g s ) compared to shelter. Wind action combined with acid mist was more injurious than wind action alone, but leaves sheltered from wind action were highly resistant to the damaging effects of acid mist. Direct wind action combined with pH 3 mist resulted in the highest values of g c and the greatest number of cuticular lesions. By contrast, indirect wind action combined with pH 3 mist induced most visible injury, but relatively low values of g c and few microscopic cuticular lesions. Acid mist reduced P N only when leaves had been damaged by wind action. Higher values of g c were associated both with increases in the area of visible leaf injury and with the number of cuticular lesions. Compensatory increase in P N of healthy tissue was evident in leaves exposed to combinations of wind action and acid mist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009732
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abrasive damage by wind to the needle surfaces of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus sylvestris L. (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. After a period of one week at 11m s−1 in a wind tunnel, the leaf surface of Picea sitchensis and Pinus sylvestris had undergone structural modification. Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy was used to examine these changes. Picea showed flattening and smearing of wax crystals, as well as cracks in some of the wax structures filling the stomatal antechambers. In Pinus, most damage was on the cells surrounding the stomatal antechamber or on needle ridges. Artificially abraded surfaces were of similar appearance. Minimum epidermal conductance to water vapour (geMIN) was determined gravimetrically. In PiceagcMIN was more than doubled by wind treatment and increased eightfold by rubbing. Similar but less extreme increases occurred in Pinus. Neither species showed recovery of geMIN after 1 week at low windspeed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01335.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in stomatal aperture in leaves of Avena fatua L. observed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A novel technique to record the variability of stomatal aperture over the leaf surface is described. This combines observations of leaf surfaces using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM), with digital image analysis to produce the most accurate aperture measurements obtained to date. Leaf samples are rapidly immobilized by cryo-fixation in liquid nitrogen and stored in a purpose-built cryo-storage system. Specimens can be collected in the field, remote from the cryopreparation system, and stored for up to several weeks before being examined on the LTSEM. The advantages of this method are that the time frame of the measurements is accurately known, and is identical for all stomatal apertures in a sample, and the precision of the measurements is not limited by the resolving power of the microscope. Measurements of stomatal aperture were obtained from leaves of field grown Avena fatua using the above procedure. Leaf surface conductance (gsur) was determined by porometry immediately before cryo-fixation of the same region of the leaf. Measurements of aperture size showed a high degree of variability within each specimen, with coefficients of variation similar to those found in previous studies. Stomatal conductance (gs) was calculated from stomatal dimensions using formulae derived elsewhere. A linear regression between the computed values of gs and porometric estimates of gsur showed good agreement with the regression line passing through the origin with a slope of 1.0 (R2=0.96). Applications of the experimental system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01968.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of polishing and abrasion on the diffusive conductance of leaf surface of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf surfaces of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were subjected to controlled polishing and abrasion on a test-bed designed to simulate components of abrasive wind damage. Both treatments substantially increased the leaf surface conductance, particularly the polishing treatment. Scanning electron micrographs of cryo-fixed leaf surfaces showed displacement and smoothing of the epicuticular waxes, damage to the cuticle, collapse of epidermal cells and fracture of trichomes. The importance of the epicuticular waxes in determining leaf diffusivity and permeability is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11611633
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 44 (2000), S. 82-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Flowering ; Phenology ; Climate change ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  This paper examines the mean flowering times of 11 plant species in the British Isles over a 58-year period, and the flowering times of a further 13 (and leafing time of an additional 1) for a reduced period of 20 years. Timings were compared to Central England temperatures and all 25 phenological events were significantly related (P〈0.001 in all but 1 case) to temperature. These findings are discussed in relation to other published work. The conclusions drawn from this work are that timings of spring and summer species will get progressively earlier as the climate warms, but that the lower limit for a flowering date is probably best determined by examining species phenology at the southern limit of their distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840000049
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic embryogenesis in cultured immature kernels of Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1995), S. 192-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic tissue was produced from kernels of immature fruits of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog media, supplemented with 200 mgl−1 casein hydrolysate, 114 μM 1-ascorbic acid, and benzylaminopurine. Compact embryogenic masses differentiated directly from the fruit explants after culture for 2 weeks in liquid medium with 8.9 μM benzylaminopurine. After transfer of the embryogenic masses into the same medium, but with 4.4 μM benzylaminopurine, somatic embryos appeared. Several stages of embryogenesis were present in the cultures. Adventive embryos were readily separated from the friable embryogenic masses by shaking. Separated somatic embryos, germinated on solidified Murashige & Skoog medium without growth regulators, developed into plantlets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193718
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative stain in wax tubes from the surface of Sitka spruce leaves (1970)
    Springer
    Planta 95 (1970), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carbon replicas and scanning electron micrographs of wax outgrowths on some leaf surfaces have not shown conclusively whether the outgrowths are tubes or solid rods. Some workers have suggested that they are solid rods. We find that negative stains will penetrate into a cavity in the centre of wax outgrowths on leaves of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr) and Tulipa kaufmanniana Elliot. Thus these outgrowths appear to be tubes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387249
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epicuticular wax in the stomatal antechamber of sitka spruce and its effects on the diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide (1971)
    Springer
    Planta 98 (1971), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of wax tubes on the leaf surfaces is described, especially the presence of wax tubes in the antechambers of the stomata. The extra resistances which the wax-filled antechambers add to the other resistances in the pathway for diffusion of water vapour and of carbon dioxide are calculated. We conclude that the wax-filled stomatal antechambers reduce the rate of transpiration by about two thirds but reduce the rate of photosynthesis by only about one third. Thus wax-filled stomatal antechambers are excellent antitranspirants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387018
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant regeneration from encapsulated embryoids and an embryogenic mass of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1996), S. 723-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pieces of an embryogenic mass (EMS) induced in culture from immature fruits of pistachio, Pistacia vera L., were encapsulated into calcium alginate beads. Somatic embryos were also encapsulated individually into calcium alginate beads to produce synthetic seeds. The viability of the encapsulated EMS and somatic embryos was investigated immediately following encapsulation, and after storage for 60 days at 4°C. The encapsulated-stored EMS fragments recovered their original proliferative capacity after two months storage following two sub-cultures, but non-encapsulated-stored EMS failed to recover. The conversion frequency of synthetic seeds to seedling plants was 14% after storage for 60 days at 4°C, from which it may be concluded that encapsulation is a practical procedure for short-term storage of embryogenic pistachio tissue, and may be applicable to the preservation of desirable elite genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231933
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water droplets and ice deposits in leaf intercellular spaces: redistribution of water during cryofixation for scanning electron microscopy (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 172 (1987), S. 20-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell surfaces ; Cryofixation ; Freezing (extracellular, intracellular) ; Ice deposit (leaf) ; Intercellular space ; Leaf (water, ice) ; Phaseolus (leaf, cryofixation) ; Water droplet (artefacts, leaf)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study is described of the formation of extracellular deposits on the surfaces of cells in freeze-fractured, frozen-hydrated primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris examined by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. The deposits, observed under a range of experimental conditions, consisted of (a) droplets with diameters of 1.5 to 3.0 μm, (b) droplets with diameters of 10 to 30 μm, (c) crystals with diameters of 1.0 to 6.0 μm, and (d) granules with diameters up to 0.15 μm. The types of deposit were influenced by specimen cooling rate, and their distribution was influenced by the direction of the thermal gradient during cooling. All deposits were predominantly water ice. The quantities of deposited water (up to 4.0% of the leaf water content) increased as the cooling rate was reduced. It is concluded that the ice deposits were primarily artefacts of cryofixation and do not represent the location of water in vivo, as recently suggested. We propose that the deposits arose in four main ways: (1) displacement of water from underlying cells by a pressure wave resulting from the volume increase of intracellular water as it freezes, (2) evaporation of water from warmer cells and its condensation onto colder cells, (3) withdrawal of water from underlying cells by extracellular ice crystallization, (4) condensation of pre-existing water vapour in the intercellular spaces onto cells. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the use of lowtemperature scanning electron microscopy in studies of plant morphology and for localizing water and soluble ions within plant cells and tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403025
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