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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of soil solarization on the control of Phytophthora root rot in avocado (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Phytophthora root rot is of paramount importance in avocado orchards of southern Spain. Soil solarization has been demonstrated to control the pathogen in infested areas from which infected trees had been removed. We aimed to determine whether soil solarization in established avocado orchards controls the disease. Soil solarization increased average maximum hourly soil temperatures by 6.5–6.9°C in unshaded areas of avocado orchards in coastal areas of southern Spain, depending on depth and year. The corresponding temperatures in shaded areas were c. 2–3°C lower. P. cinnamomi in soil, on infected avocado rootlets, and in a nutrient substrate buried at 30–60 cm depth was reduced to negligible amounts after 6–8 weeks of solarization in both unshaded and shaded locations of avocado orchards. P. cinnamomi could not be detected in avocado rootlets up to 14 months later, suggesting a long-term effect. Soil solarization did not affect growth of the trees, and fruit yields were increased as compared with control plots. Following soil solarization for 3 weeks from mid-July 1994, when maximum hourly temperatures reached 33–36°C, P. cinnamomi could not be recovered from a depth of up to 45 cm in unshaded areas or from a depth of up to 30 cm in shaded areas after the initial 10-day period. The viability of inoculum of the pathogen buried at depths between 15 and 60 cm in bare soil was determined by sequential sampling in two solarization experiments starting 12 June and 4 July 1995, respectively. In the first experiment, P. cinnamomi could not be detected at any depth after 4–8 weeks of solarization in unshaded areas but could be recovered at all depths except 15 cm in shaded areas. In the second experiment, where temperatures were higher and the soil surface not shaded, P. cinnamomi could not be recovered after 2 weeks at 15 and 30 cm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-18.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polarographic study of a benzodiazepinooxazole: Oxazolam (1988)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 332 (1988), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The polarographic behaviour of 10-chloro-2,3, 7,11b-tetrahydro-2-methyl-11b-phenyloxazolo-[3,2-d][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (Oxazolam) was studied in the pH range 1–12. The reduction processes of Oxazolam and its hydrolysis product are irreversible and their currents are predominantly diffusion-controlled. The linear relationship between current and Oxazolam concentration in sulphuric acid medium permits its polarographic determination up to 6.08×10−5 mol/l. The detection limit was 1.52×10−7 mol/l (50 ppb). The reproducibility of the method in terms of relative standard deviation was 1.74% and 1.85% for ten determinations at 1.48×10−5 mol/l and 1.37×10−6 mol/l levels, respectively. The method developed was applied to the determination of the compound in its formulations, Hializan-10 mg, obtaining errors lower than 2%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492973
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polarographic study of a benzodiazepinooxazole: Cloxazolam (1989)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 334 (1989), S. 158-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The polarographic behaviour of 10-chloro-11b-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2-d][1,4]-benzodiazipine-6(5H)-one (cloxazolam) was studied in the pH range 1–12. Cloxazolam suffers a hydrolysis process, which can be followed by polarography. The reduction processes of cloxazolam and its hydrolysis product are irreversible and their currents are diffusion-controlled. Two polarographic methods have been developed upon the basis of the reduction of both the protonated iminium form (pH 1.45, measurement time: 10 min) and the benzophenone produced in the hydrolysis process (pH 11.75, measurement time: 15 min). The relationship between reduction peak current and concentration is linear up to at least 5.72×10−5 mol/l for both methods. A higher sensitivity was obtained for the method based on the benzophenone reduction (detection limit 5.72×10−8 mol/l; 20 ppb). The methods developed were applied to the determination of cloxazolam in its pharmaceutical formulations (Betavel, 1 mg). The method in alkaline medium was the most adequate for the determination of the compound in tablets, with errors lower than 1%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476678
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electroanalytical study of benzodiazepinooxazoles: Haloxazolam (1990)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 336 (1990), S. 672-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The polarographic behaviour of 10-bromo-11 b-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,3,7,11 b-tetrahydrooxazolo [3,2-d][1,4] benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (Haloxazolam) was studied in the pH range 1–13. Haloxazolam suffers a hydrolysis process, which can be followed by polarography. The reduction processes of Haloxazolam and its hydrolysis products are irreversible and their currents are diffusion-controlled. This behaviour was compared with that observed for other members of benzodiazepinooxazoles. Two polarographic methods have been developed upon the basis of the reduction of both the protonated iminium form (0.05 mol/l HCl, measurement time: 5 min) and the benzophenone produced in the hydrolysis process (pH 13.25, measurement time: 17 min). The relationship between reduction peak current and concentration is linear up to at least 6.62×10−5 mol/l for both methods. A higher sensitivity was obtained for the method based on the benzophenone reduction (detection limit 1.06×10−7 mol/l; 40 μg/l). The reproducibility of the both methods in terms of relative standard deviation was inferior to 2%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331413
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spectrofluorimetric determination of benzodiazepinooxazoles (1990)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 337 (1990), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary A study of fluorescence properties of Cloxazolam and Oxazolam has been carried out. pKa-values were calculated and a spectrofluorimetric method was developed in acidic hydroalcoholic medium for the determination of the drugs. The fluorescence intensity was linear with the concentration up to at least 6.00×10−6 mol/l for Cloxazolam and 5.17×10−6 mol/l for Oxazolam. Detection limits obtained were 2.91×10−8 mol/l and 4.56×10−8 mol/l for Cloxazolam and Oxazolam, respectively. Spectrofluorimetric methods were applied to the determination of both drugs in pharmaceuticals and errors lower than 2.5% were obtained. Spectrophotometric determination methods were also developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322220
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electroanalytical study of a benzodiazepinooxazole: Mexazolam (1993)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 345 (1993), S. 451-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The electroanalytical behaviour of 10-chloro-11b-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3,7,11b-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2-d][1,4]-benzodiazepin-6(5H)-one (Mexazolam) was studied in the pH-range 1–13. The compound suffers a hydrolysis process, which can be followed by voltammetric techniques. The reduction process of Mexazolam is irreversible in the whole pH range 1–13 studied; the cathodic reactions of its hydrolysis products are irreversible at pH values lower than 7 and reversible in neutral and alkaline media at a scan rate range of 0.1–40 V·s−1. The electrode process attributed to the reduction of the carbonyl group is predominantly adsorption-controlled and the reduction of the iminium group of the different species of Mexazolam is diffusion-controlled. A differential pulse polarographic method has been developed upon the basis of the reduction of the protonated iminium form. The relationship between reduction peak current and concentration is linear up to at least 13 ppm. The reproducibility of the method in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) was smaller than 1.6% for ten determinations, at a concentration level of 5.51×10−6 and 2.62×10−5 mol/l. A determination limit of 80 ppb was obtained.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325625
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polarographic study of a triazolobenzodiazepine: Estazolam (1987)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 329 (1987), S. 468-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The polarographic behaviour of 8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo(4,3-a)-(1,4)-benzodiazepine (estazolam) was studied in the pH range 3–10. The reduction process is irreversible and the current is diffusion-controlled. The linear relationship between current and estazolam concentration permits its polarographic determination in the range 3.4·10−7–1.0·10−4 M. The detection limit was 1.7·10−7 M. The reproducibility of the method in terms of its relative standard deviation was 1.00% and 1.14% using ten determinations at the 2.4·10−5 M and 3.4·10−6 M levels respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00480089
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxidative behavior of aminohalogenbenzophenones - indirect determination of benzodiazepinooxazoles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Schlagwort(e): Aminohalogenbenzophenones ; Benzodiazepinooxazoles ; Pharmaceutical preparations ; Pulse voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An electroanalytical study of three aminohalogenbenzophenones: 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (MCB), 2-amino-2′,5-dichlorobenzo-phenone (DCB), and 2-amino-5-bromo-2′-fluorobenzophenone (BrFB); metabolites of the psychotropic drugs benzodiazepinooxazoles and benzodiazepines, has been carried out at a glassy carbon electrode using different voltammetric techniques. The compounds studied are electrooxidizable in a hydroalcoholic medium (MeOH:H2O, 10 : 90), 0.5 M KC1, and a pH range of 1-13. The oxidation processes are irreversible and predominantly diffusion controlled. On the basis of the oxidation process, voltammetric methods have been developed that allow the determination of aminohalogenbenzophenones from 0.2 to 15ppm for MCB and BrFB, and 0.2 to 14ppm for DCB; with a reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 5.2% for 10 determinations of 10 ppm solutions of MCB, DCB, and BrFB. Detection limits of 200ppb (μg/L) for MCB and DCB, and 100ppb for BrFB were obtained. The voltammetric method developed for DCB has been applied to the indirect determination of Cloxazolam in tablets.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070216
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