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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 723 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ATP breakdown ; catecholamine ; glycogen ; ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of 12–36 min of global ischemia followed by 36 min of reperfusion in Langendorff perfused rabbit hearts (n = 26). Metabolism was determined in terms of peak and total release of purines (adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine), lactate and noradrenaline during reperfusion; and myocardial content of nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), glycogen and noradrenaline at the end of reperfusion. An inverse relationship (r = −0.79) existed between duration of ischemia and developed pressure post-ischemia. Early during reperfusion, after 12 min of ischemia, the purine concentration (peak release) increased 100x (p 〈 0.01), that of lactate and noradrenaline lOx (p 〈 0.05) . Total purine release rose with progression of the ischemic period (30x after 36 min of ischemia; p 〈 0.01), concomitant with a reduction in nucleotide content. Lactate release was independent from the duration of ischemia, although glycogen had declined by 30% (p 〈 0.01) after 36 min of ischemia. The acid insoluble glycogen fraction, which presumably contains proglycogen, increased substantially during short-term ischemia. Peak noradrenaline increased 100x and 200x (p 〈 0.05) after 24 and 36 min of ischemia, respectively. Total noradrenaline release due to various periods of ischemia mirrored its peak release. Function recovery was inversely related to total purine and noradrenaline efflux (both r =−0.81); it correlated with tissue nucleotide content (r = 0.84). In conclusion, larger amounts of noradrenaline are released only after a substantial drop in myocardial ATP. During severe ischemia ATP consumption more than limited ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis, is a key factor affecting recovery on subsequent reperfusion. In contrast to lactate efflux, purine and noradrenaline release are useful markers of ischemic and reperfusion damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 10 (1997), S. 767-773 
    ISSN: 1573-7241
    Keywords: adenosine ; angioplasty ; ATPase ; catecholamines ; glycolysis ; 5′-nucleotidase ; preconditioning ; protein kinase C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preconditioning is an effective means of protecting the heart against prolonged ischemia by pretreating it with a minor insult, and the present paper reviews various controversies in this highly active field of research. In many models, adenosine plays a role by triggering the activation of protein kinase C. It may work in conjunction with other agents, such as bradykinin, but the putative role of noradrenaline is uncertain. Regulation of the enzyme producing adenosine (i.e., 5′-nucleotidase) has been reported during preconditioning but, because its activity does not seem to be associated with infarct size, it is unlikely that the hydrolase plays a pivotal role. Controversial data have been published on the involvement of mitochondrial ATPase, which may be ascribed to the poor time resolution of the experiments described; however, we do not believe that either acidosis or tissue ATP are important factors in triggering preconditioning. The role of glycolysis in the preconditioning effect remains to be firmly established; opposite mechanisms are activated in low-flow and stop-flow protocols. Although species differences regarding preconditioning exist, they seem to be more of a quantitative than a qualitative nature. The phenomenon could be clinically relevant because evidence is accumulating that preconditioning may take place during bypass surgery and coronary angioplasty if longer balloonocclusion times are used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-7241
    Keywords: coronary angioplasty ; coronary artery disease ; electrocardiography ; hypoxanthine ; intravenous metoprolol ; lactate ; pain ; rate-pressure product ; urate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, the possible antiischemic effect of metoprolol during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was tested. Electrocardiograms, hemodynamics, and metabolism were studied in 27 patients with a stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Measurements took place before angioplasty, after each of four 1-minute occlusions and 15 minutes after the last balloon deflation. Patients were randomly given placebo or metoprolol (15 mg as a bolus intravenously, followed by an infusion 0.04 mg/kg/hr). At the end of the procedure, the rate-pressure product had decreased by 15% (NS) and 23% (p=0.001) in the placebo and metoprolol groups, respectively, mainly due to similar decreases in heart rate. Metoprolol tended to lower chest pain and reduce precordial ST-segment elevation due to angioplasty, but the effects were not statistically significant. Lactate, hypoxanthine, and urate release immediately after deflation was similar in both groups. Metoprolol reduced arterial plasma hypoxanthine throughout the procedure by about 30% (p ≦ 0.02 vs. placebo). Thus, intravenous infusion of metoprolol did not significantly attenuate chest pain and ST-segment elevation, and failed to decrease cardiac lactate and oxypurine release. It did, however, reduce arterial hypoxanthine concentrations during angioplasty, possibly indicating that the beta-blocker inhibits extracardiac ATP catabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 69 (1974), S. 361-370 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vollblutgehat von Inosin und Hypoxanthin wurde bestimmt in lokalvenösen Blutproben von 6 Schweinen während einer Myokard-Ischämie von 20 Minuten. Die Konzentration dieser Purinderivate wurde verglichen mit den Änderungen im Laktat und Kaliumgehalt sowie mit Herzwanddickenänderungen (MWT) Der Ramus anterior descendens der linken Koronararterie wurde mit einer Schraubzwinge verengt, und die Koronardurchblutung wurde mit einem elektromagnetischen Flowmeter gemessen. Während der Ischämieperiode wurde die Durchblutung auf etwa 28,6% des Ausgangswerts gedrosselt. MWT wurde mit einer harpunähnlichen Quecksilberdehnungsmeßbrücke gemessen, sie nahm während der Ischämie um 42,3±14,5% des Ausgangswertes ab (p〈0,0005). Innerhalb von 2 Minuten nahm die venöse Konzentration von Inosin von 9,6±0,6 μM auf 20,0±4,3 Mμ zu (p〈0,0025). Hypoxanthin nahm von 26,0±1,3 μM auf 30,6 μM±2,9 (p〈0,1) zu und Laktat stieg von 0,79±0,04 auf 1,17±0,26 mM (p〈0,025). Der venöse Gehalt von Kalium und die arterielle Konzentration der 4 Metabolite änderten sich nicht signifikant. Die venösen Inosinkonzentrationen blieben unverändert hoch während der ganzen Ischämiezeit, und MWT blieb niedrig während dieser Zeit. Obwohl Laktat und Hypoxanthin 2 Minuten nach Ischämiebeginn erhöht waren, nahmen ihre Konzentrationen graduell ab während des weiteren Ischämieverlaufs. Inosin normalisierte sich nach Reperfusion, und MWT erreichte 75% des Ausgangswertes. In der vorliegenden Studie erscheint der venöse Inosingehalt als ein empfindlicher Indikator des Myokardstoffwechsels bei Ischämie.
    Notes: Summary Concentration of whole blood inosine and hypoxanthine was studied in the regional coronary vein in six pigs during a twenty-minute period of myocardial ischemia. The concentration of these purine derivatives was compared to changes in the concentration of whole blood lactate, plasma potassium and to change in myocardial wall systolic thickening (MWT). Partial occlusion of the left anterior coronary artery was produced by placing a screw clamp around the anterior coronary artery. Coronary blood flow was measured using an electromagnetic flow probe. During the ischemic period, flow was decreased on an average to 28.6% of control. MWT was measured by using a harpoon type mercury strain gauge and was observed to decrease to 42.3±14.5% (SE) of control during ischemia (P〈.0005). Within two minutes the venous concentration of inosine increased from 9.8±0.6 μM to 20.0±4.3 μM (P〈.0025), hypoxanthine increased from 26.0±1.2 μM to 30.6±2.9 μM (P〈.10) and lactate increased from 0.79±0.04 mM to 1.17±0.26 mM (P〈.025). Venous concentration of potassium and the arterial concentration of the four metabolites did not change significantly. Venous inosine concentration remained significantly elevated during the entire period of ischemia and MWT remained decreased throughout the period. Although lactate and hypoxanthine were elevated, at the two minute period their concentrations gradually decreased during the remainder of the ischemic period. Inosine returned to normal levels upon reinstitution of coronary blood flow and MWT returned to 75.5±10.2% of control. In these studies, venous inosine concentration appeared to be a sensitive measure of myocardial ischemic metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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