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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHILDREN WITH READING AND SPELLING RETARDATION: FUNCTIONING OF WHOLE-WORD AND CORRESPONDENCE-RULE MECHANISMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 22 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A group of 19 children retarded in both reading and spelling Mid a group of 4 children retarded specifically in spelling were given a series of tests designes to assess two components of the reading and spelling process, namely the ability to read and spell using correspondence rules and the ability to road and spell at a whole-word level. The children retarded in both reading and spelling were found to be deficient in the ability to read and spell using rules. Furthermore, although these children had the ability to process words wholistically, their achievement at whole-word reading and spelling was deficient. With the children who were retarded specifically in spelling, ii was tentatively concluded that although their ability to use correspondence rules is adequate, they may have difficulty in selecting the correct grapheme when several BM possible for a particular phoneme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00540.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN SPECIFIC READING RETARDED AND GENERAL READING BACKWARD CHILDREN: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 27 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A sample of 453 Australian children was followed over the first three years of schooling. Behaviour problems were assessed at the beginning of the first year at school and at the end of the second and third years. At the end of the third year the children were classified as specific reading retarded, general reading backward or normal. At school entry backward readers were found to have behaviour problems, principally relating to attentional deficit. It was concluded that this factor may play a causative role in their reading difficulty. Retarded readers, on the other hand, showed no evidence of behaviour problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00619.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COGNITIVE FACTORS AT SCHOOL ENTRY PREDICTIVE OF SPECIFIC READING RETARDATION AND GENERAL READING BACKWARDNESS: A RESEARCH NOTE (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 27 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A sample of 453 Australian children was followed over the first three years of schooling. A broad range of cognitive skills was assessed at the beginning of the first year at school and at the end of the third year the children were classified as retarded, backward or normal readers. At school entry, backward readers were found to be deficient in a broad range of cognitive skills, as might be expected given their lower IQs. Retarded readers, however, were found to be deficient on a more limited range of tasks, mainly involving early literacy and phonological processing skills. The implications of these findings for theories of cognitive deficit in reading retardation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00620.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 97 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims Recent epidemiological findings indicate that non-drinkers as well as hazardous/harmful drinkers experience higher levels of distress than moderate drinkers. Little is known about the age at which this develops. This paper examines levels of affect, depression and anxiety over the full range of alcohol consumption in young adults.Design Cross-sectional findings from the first wave of a prospective, longitudinal study are presented.Participants The general population sample comprised of 2404 young adults (aged 20–24 years), living in the Canberra region. Measures included: the Goldberg Depression and Anxiety scales, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.Findings For men, both non/occasional and hazardous/harmful consumption were associated with lower levels of positive affect and higher levels of anxiety and depression. The higher levels of distress evident for male abstainers were related to being less extroverted and less healthy and not to past hazardous/harmful alcohol consumption, current tobacco or marijuana use. For women, only hazardous/harmful drinkers were found to have higher levels of depression and negative affect. Hazardous/harmful consumption was related to using marijuana, tobacco and recent stressful events in both men and women.Conclusions Higher levels of distress are already evident in male non-drinkers in early adulthood. The findings counter theories that distress in non-drinkers is due to past hazardous/harmful alcohol consumption, marijuana or tobacco use, or characteristics in common with hazardous/harmful drinkers. Alcohol use disorders and mental health problems are pertinent issues for young adults. However, more understanding is needed of the experiences of non-drinkers in an alcohol consuming culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00092.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phonological recoding skills and learning to read: A longitudinal study (1984)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Applied psycholinguistics 5 (1984), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-7164
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Psychology
    Notes: The study sought evidence consistent with the hypothesis that phonological recoding of printed words is important during reading acquisition. Children at the end of their Kindergarten year were given a test of nonsense word reading (as a measure of phonological recoding skill) as well as tests of sight word reading and verbal intelligence. Two groups of 28 children were matched on sex, school attended, sight word reading, and verbal intelligence, but differed on phonological recoding skill. If phonological recoding was important in reading acquisition, the children with greater skill in this area should make greater gains in reading achievement over the following years. When reading achievement was tested at the end of Grades 1 and 2, these children were found to be significantly ahead.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400005075
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public beliefs about causes and risk factors for depression and schizophrenia (1997)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 32 (1997), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to carry out a national survey to assess the Australian public's beliefs about causes and risk factors for mental disorders. A national household survey of 2,031 Australian adults was carried out. Half the respondents were presented with a vignette describing a person with major depression and the other half with a vignette describing schizophrenia. Respondents were asked to rate whether various factors are likely causes of problems such as that described in the vignette and to rate whether various groups are at higher or lower risk. For depression, social environmental factors were often seen as likely causes, which is consistent with the epidemiological evidence. However, genetic factors were considered as a likely cause by only half the population. For schizophrenia, social environmental factors were also often seen as causes, which is in contrast to the weak epidemiological evidence for such a role. Genetic factors attracted more support as a cause of schizophrenia than of depression. These finding point to areas where the mental health literacy of the population could be improved, particularly the over-emphasis on social environmental factors in schizophrenia. Of some concern was the belief of half the population that weakness of character is a likely cause of both depression and schizophrenia. This belief implies a negative evaluation of the sufferer as a person.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00794613
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emotional response of participants to a mental health survey (1999)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 34 (1999), S. 80-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Following participation in a mental health survey of 2725 adults aged 18–79, respondents were asked if the questionnaire had made them feel distressed or depressed, and if it had been an intrusion on privacy or had made them feel good about themselves. While 5% reported feeling distressed, 3% depressed and 3% were concerned about privacy, 35% reported feeling good about themselves. The participants reporting negative feelings were more likely to be younger women, to be higher on negative personality measures, to report more anxiety and depression symptoms, and to have had more childhood adversity and lower social support. Those who reported positive feelings had higher positive personality scores, more social support and lower anxiety and depression. This group was more likely to be older women. Despite the sensitive nature of many of the questions, only a small percentage of respondents reported distress, while many found that the questionnaire had made them feel good about themselves. This is important information to present to Institutional Ethics Committees and to future participants in such studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050115
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The epidemiology of depressive states in the elderly: implications for recognition, intervention and prevention (1995)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 30 (1995), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evidence is reviewed on factors that might affect the onset of new depressive symptoms (destabilization) or loss of depressive symptoms (restitution) in the elderly. These factors are grouped into three broad categories: health-related factors (physical ill health, disability, and dementia and cognitive impairment); social factors (living in a nursing home, social support, bereavement, caring for a disabled person); and personal vulnerability factors (level of depressive symptoms at previous time points, history of depression, personality). The possible implications for preventing destabilization, aiding restitution and identifying high-risk groups are considered. Many of the factors are not easily modifiable, but there is potential for intervention with the physically ill and care givers. The physically ill may also merit routine screening. As in younger age groups, the greatest and most difficult challenge is to modify personal vulnerability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00794942
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing candidate genes as risk factors for mental disorders: the value of population-based epidemiological studies (2000)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 35 (2000), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Background: It is now possible to routinely collect DNA for the investigation of genetic risk factors in psychiatric epidemiology. However, concerns have been raised about the investigation of genetic risk factors in population surveys and in case-control studies with population controls, because of spurious associations arising through population stratification. To overcome this problem, some geneticists advocate the use of family controls and studies on isolated populations. However, such approaches may not be the best for psychiatric epidemiology. Method: A critical analysis is made of arguments against the investigation of genetic risk factors in studies with population controls. Results: It is argued that concerns about population stratification have been overblown. It is simply a form of confounding and can occur in studies of environmental as well as genetic risk factors. Epidemiologists have traditionally dealt with this and other types of confounding by matching on potential confounders in the design of the study, or stratification by confounders in the analysis. Family controls overcome population stratification, but not other forms of confounding. They are a good choice when the sole interest is genetic risk factors, but psychiatric epidemiologists are typically interested in both genetic and environmental factors. Family controls are poor for examining environmental risk factors because they can give rise to over-matching. Isolated populations may produce genetic associations that do not generalize to other populations, and they may have a restricted range of environments. Conclusion: We conclude that population surveys and case-control studies using population controls are suitable for the investigation of both genetic and environmental risk factors and have greater public health relevance than alternative designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050001
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders: a survey of Singapore mental health professionals (1999)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 34 (1999), S. 555-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: A series of surveys of mental health literacy have been undertaken in Australia, involving members of the general public as well as general practitioners and mental health professionals, whereby respondents consider vignettes of depression and of schizophrenia, offer a diagnosis and rate a series of possible interventions for their judged helpfulness. A similar survey was undertaken in Singapore and is reported in this paper. Methods: The survey was undertaken at a large state psychiatric hospital with staff (psychiatrists, allied health professionals, psychiatrically and generally trained nursing staff) rating a vignette of mania, in addition to the vignettes derived in Australia for depression and schizophrenia, and with the Australian intervention options extended somewhat to respect Singapore facilities. Results: Responses of those in the four professional groups were compared. The psychiatrists were highly accurate in generating diagnoses, other staff somewhat less so for diagnosing depression (with a percentage instead choosing a diagnosis of stress) and mania (with a percentage instead diagnosing a schizophrenic condition). Reported helpfulness ratings identified those interventions judged consensually as likely to be helpful or harmful, as well as establishing some differences across the four professional groups. Conclusions: The consensus decisions of helpful treatments for depression and schizophrenia revealed very similar findings to judgements made by Australian professionals. The treated outcome of schizophrenia was judged as somewhat worse than that for mania and depression. While non-medical staff differed from psychiatrists in judging the comparative utility of some drug interventions and lifestyle issues, there was clear evidence of a relatively dominant `medical model' to recommended treatments, while traditional healing practices and services were rated as distinctly unhelpful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050175
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