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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 539-543 (Mar. 2007), p. 1110-1115 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Authors have reported theses concerning the cast defect for publication in journal of Japanese FoundryEngineering Society and AFS Transactions. This is a review of these reports. There are various factors inthe casting defect that occurs in the article of casting metal, and specific of the generation factor is difficult.Moreover, it is necessary to decrease the casting defect to reduce the cost of goods manufactured andenergy of production. It is effective to the evaluation and the classification method of the casting defect toemploy Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersion Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and ElectronProbe Micro-Analysis (EPMA). Casting defects chose the one that the incidence was high and specific ofthe generation factor is difficult, and the pinhole defect and inclusion defects were classified according tothe generation factor, and penetration defect showed the relation of physical factor, chemical factor, andthose interactions, and examined whether specific of the factor was possible by the surface analysisequipment about other defects (Blow hole, Shrinkage, Orange peel, Cold shut, Cracks and Veining)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0020-1693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight induces wrinkle formation. Retinoic acid (RA) can markedly improve wrinkles, although RA does have some side-effects, such as skin irritation. As the efficacy and cytotoxicity of RA has been traced to its free carboxylic acid, we synthesized a new molecule, N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine (GRA), in which a glucosamine has been attached to the polar end group of all-trans retinoic acid.Objectives  To analyse the effect of topical GRA in wrinkle repair and anti-irritation in photoaged mice compared with topical RA, as well as to determine retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) transactivation activity in vitro.Methods  Hairless mice were irradiated with 60 mJ cm−2 of UVB for 10 weeks, and then topically treated with 0·05% GRA or 0·05% RA for 8 weeks. An in vitro transcriptional assay was performed and the activity of GRA in 293 cells transfected with RAR-α or RXR-α expression plasmid and luciferase reporter plasmid then determined.Results  Topical GRA and RA brought about almost complete disappearance of the wrinkles caused by UVB irradiation. The two ligands promoted both a wide repair zone histologically, and the expression of type 1 collagen in the skin. In contrast, topical GRA treatment did not produce irritation such as erythema or roughness, or alteration of transepidermal water loss values, compared with RA. In the in vitro luciferase assay, GRA resulted in significant dose-dependent RAR transactivation activity in a 100 times higher concentration range than RA. GRA did not mediate RXR transactivation activity at all.Conclusions  Topical GRA appears to be able to repair photoaged skin damage without any of the irritation caused by topical RA, probably via RAR transactivation activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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