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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus spp. ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the alfalfa [Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky)], clover [Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)], and trefoil seed chaldds (TSC) [Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)] were exposed to yellow, white, green, and purple painted polyethylene vials perforated by four small holes, only the latter species had a color preference, and that was for yellow, the color of its host flower. When TSC were exposed to green and yellow targets 5 h after sunrise, they preferred yellow targets but not 1 h after sunrise. The possibility of a circadian response was eliminated because different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the test did not change the results. When TSC were exposed only to yellow targets, half of which had trefoil flowers hidden within, females preferred targets with flowers. When an identical test was conducted but with green instead of yellow targets, the preference for targets with flowers disappeared. In a four-choice test, TSC preferred yellow targets with or without flowers to green targets with or without flowers. Thus, TSC displayed an olfactory response only when the color yellow was present. In unfiltered skylight females preferred baited targets when the test began 3 h before or 1 h after solar noon but not 4 h before or 2 h after solar noon. Chalcids did display an olfactory preference 4 h before solar noon when a Polaroid filter was used to filter skylight and provide an east-west but not a north-south E-vector. When Helmholtz coils were used to apply a magnetic field that canceled or changed the direction of the earth's magnetic field, olfactory preference disappeared because the applied magnetic field changed TSC perception of the E-vector. In effect, TSC must perceive yellow in the presence of an east-west E-vector to display an olfactory preference to a choice of odors. We believe this is the first report that the E-vector of celestial light can influence olfactory and visual behavior of an insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 16 (1973), S. 407-413 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) überwintert als Präpuppe, verpuppt sich im Frühjahr und schlüpft dann als Imago Ende Mai und im Juni. Die Falter legen Eier, die innerhalb 10–14 Tagen schlüpfen, und die entstehenden Raupen sind im Oktober erwachsen und diapausieren als Präpuppen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Wirkungen von Temperatur und Photoperiode während der Diapause-Entwicklung auf die nachfolgende Phänologie dieses univoltinen Rasenzünslers. Die Zeit, welche im Freien gesammelte Präpuppen benötigten, um die Diapause-Entwicklung zu vollenden, sich zu verpuppen und als Falter zu schlüpfen, nahm während des Winters fortschreitend ab. Kurztag (12 Std Licht, 12 Std Dunkelheit) verzögerte die Entwicklung während der Diapause und die folgenden Erwachsenen schlüpften später als diejenigen, die Langtag (16 Std Licht, 8 Std Dunkelheit) ausgesetzt waren. Ebenso verringerte sich die Zeit, die bis zum Schlupf der Falter gebraucht wurde in dem Maße, wie die Temperatur anstieg. Die diapausierenden Insekten blieben während des Winters und auch nach dem Übergang von Kurzzu Langtag im Frühling für Kurztag sensibel. Jedoch phänologisch tritt der Schlupf der Falter nicht allein deshalb ein, weil die entsprechenden Schwellenwerte für Tageslänge und Temperatur überschritten wurden und damit die Entwicklung wieder aufgenommen werden konnte, sondern vielmehr infolge der kumulativen Wirkung von Zeit, Temperatur und Tageslänge während der Diapause.
    Notes: Abstract The time prepupae of Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) collected from the field required to complete diapause development, pupate and emerge as adults decreased progressively during winter. Short daylengths (12 hr light, 12 hr dark) retarded development during diapause and the subsequent adults emerged later than those insects exposed to long days (16 hr light, 8 hr dark). Also, the time required for adults to emerge decreased as temperature increased. Diapausing insects remained sensitive to short photoperiods through the winter and beyond the transition from short to long days in spring. However, the phenological emergence of adults does not occur solely because a particular threshold of photoperiod or temperature was exceeded whereby development resumed, but rather, because of the cumulative effects of time, temperature and daylength during diapause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 291-300 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alfalfa seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus roddi ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response of female alfalfa seed chalcids is dependent on the polarization of sky light when exposed to olfactory stimuli between 1100 and 1500 hr. Females made no orientation flights to or landings on eight unbaited targets, but when half the targets were baited with the host-plant odor of hexyl acetate, they did make orientation flights to and landed on baited targets. Female preference for baited targets disappeared when natural sky light was plane polarized (at right angles to natural sky light polarization at 1200 hr). When natural sky light was passed through a diffuser filter to completely depolarize the light, females made numerous orientation flights but displayed no preference for baited targets. Any alteration of the natural wavelengths of sky light between 345 and 425 nm with various Kodak Wratten filters that excluded certain wavelengths produced similar results wherein females had no preference for baited or unbaited targets. The hypothesis that chalcid response was controlled by the polarization characteristics of sky light was confirmed when females again preferred baited targets in tests that were conducted 6 hr after sunrise, but they displayed no preference for baited targets when exposed to the mixture of polarized and nonpolarized light present in the sky 1–2 hr after sunrise or 1–2 hr before sunset. The possibility that chalcid response was due to a circadian rhythm was eliminated by exposure of insects to different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the olfactory test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chrysoteuchia topiaria ; cranberry girdler ; sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; sod webworm ; Z-11-hexadecen-1-al ; Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Z-11-Hexadecen-1-al (Z11-16∶A1), free of theE isomer, was identified in extracts of femaleChrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) abdominal tips. In commercial grass seed fields, traps baited with synthetic Z11-16∶A1 were almost as attractive as female-baited traps. An alcohol, thought to be Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol on the basis of gas Chromatographic retention times, was also isolated from the extract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 565-572 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; Mythimna unipuncta ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Leucania unipuncta ; Cirphis unipuncta ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11–16∶Ac) free of theE isomer (〈1%), hexadecan-1-ol acetate (16∶ Ac), and a hexadecen-1-ol [the (Z)-11 isomer based on the retention time on a Carbowax capillary column] were identified in extracts of the sex pheromone glands of adult virgin female armyworms,Pseudaletia unipuncta. Also, gas Chromatographic retention times on polar and nonpolar columns indicated the possible presence of (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z9–16∶Ac). The ratioZ11–16∶Ac/16∶Ac/Z11–16∶OH/Z9–16∶Ac was 1∶0.15∶0.13∶0.02. Infield testsZ11–16∶ Ac was attractive alone, and the addition ofZ9–16∶Ac,Zll–16 ∶ OH, or 16 ∶ Ac singly or in combination in ratios found in the gland did not increase trap capture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lydina polidoides (Townsend) etChrysoteuchia topiaria Zeller ont été étudiés en laboratoire. La durée du développement deC. topiaria depuis l'éclosion jusqu'à la prénymphe en diapause est de 55 jours lorsque les larves sont soumises à des jours longs (16 heures d'éclairement, 8 heures d'obscurité) et de 43 jours quand elles sont élevées en jours courts (12 heures d'éclairement, 12 heures d'obscurité). La sortie des adultes se produit au bout de 124 jours en jours longs et en 156 jours en jours courts, parce que les jours courts induisent la diapause chez les prénymphes mais ne permettent pas le maintien de cette diapause. Lorsque des chenilles (prénymphes) deC.topiaria parasitées par de jeunes larves deL. polidoides et des chenilles non parasitées sont prélevées dans la nature en janvier et sont exposées à des jours longs à 21°C,C. topiaria donne des adultes en 55 jours en moyenne etL. polidoides en 106 jours.Lydina polidoides est donc univoltin etC. topiaria est vraisemblablement l'hôte primaire de ce tachinaire parasite.
    Notes: Abstract Lydina polidoides (Townsend) andChrysoteuchia topiaria Zeller were studied in the laboratory. The rate of development ofC. topiaria from eclosion to the diapausing prepupae was 55 days when larvae were exposed to long daylenghts (16 hr light, 8 hr dark) and 43 days when exposed to short daylengths (12 hr light 12 hr dark.) The same insects exposed to long days emerged as adults in 124 days, whereas those exposed to short days emerged in 156 days because short days prepared the prepupae for diapause but failed to maintain the diapause. When caterpillars (prepupae) ofC. topiaria parasitized by young larvae ofL. polidoides and non-parasitized caterpillars were removed from the field in January and exposed to long days at 21°C,C. topiaria emerged as adults in an average 55 days andL. polidoides in 106 days.Lydina polidoides is therefore univoltine andC. topiaria is probably the primary host of this Tachinid parasite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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