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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amaurotic Idiocy ; Dog ; G M2-Gangliosidosis ; Gangliosides ; Hexosylceramides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über morphologische und neurochemische Untersuchungen bei zwei Formen der amaurotischen Idiotie des Hundes berichtet. Die amaurotische Idiotie des Kurzhaarigen Deutschen Vorstehhundes zeigte lichtmikroskopisch eine Auftreibung zentraler Neurone, die im Cytoplasma „lösliches” PAS-positives Material und elektronenoptisch cytoplasmatische Membrankörper erkennen ließen. Andere Neuronen waren weniger stark vergrößert und enthielten vorwiegend Granula mit unlöslichem PAS-positivem Material. Neurochemisch fand sich eine Erhöhung des Gangliosidgehaltes in der Großhirnrinde auf etwa das Fünffache der Norm, die in erster Linie durch die Anhäufung eines Gangliosids mit den Eigenschaften vonG M2bedingt war. So wieG M2vom Menschen war auchG M2vom Hund aus Sphingosin, Fettsäure (Stearinsäure), Glucose, Galaktose, Galaktosamin und Sialsäure aufgebaut; es war resistent gegenüber dem Enzym Neuraminidase und ließ sich durch Partialhydrolyse in die entsprechenden Hexosyl-ceramide überführen. Neben diesem Befund einerG M2-Gangliosidose war auch eine Vermehrung von GangliosidG M3, Trihexosyl-ceramid und wahrscheinlich Lactosyl-ceramid feststellbar. Die amaurotische Idiotie des Englischen Setters war morphologisch durch eine neuronale Speicherung von Granula mit vorwiegend unlöslichem PAS-positivem Material in nur z.T. leichtgradig vergrößerten Zellen gekennzeichnet. Neurochemisch fand sich im Cortex ein auf etwa das 1,5fache der Norm erhöhter Gangliosidgehalt, der z.T. auf einer möglicherweise unspezifischen Anhäufung von GangliosidG M3beruhte. Im Rückenmark war der Gangliosidgehalt ohne spezifische Vermehrung eines einzelnen Gangliosids auf das Doppelte der Norm erhöht. Im Hinblick auf die Formen der amaurotischen Idiotie beim Menschen ist die amaurotische Idiotie des Kurzhaarigen Deutschen Vorstehhundes der „spätinfantilenG M2-Gangliosidose”, die amaurotische Idiotie des Englischen Setters der „myoklonischen Variante” weitgehend ähnlich, wodurch experimentelle Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet möglich erscheinen.
    Notes: Summary Morphological and neurochemical findings are reported in dogs with two types of amaurotic idiocy. The disease in the German Shorthair Pointer was characterized by swollen neurons, which contained „soluble” PAS-positive material in the form of membranous cytoplasmic bodies. Other neurons were only slightly enlarged and stored granula with insoluble PAS-positive material. The ganglioside content of the cortex was five times as high as in the controls, which was mainly caused by an accumulation of a ganglioside with the properties ofG M2.G M2of the dog was likeG M2of human brain; it was composed of sphingosine, fatty acid (stearic acid), glucose, galactose, galactosamine and sialic acid, it was resistant to the enzyme neuraminidase and could be degraded to the corresponding hexosyl-ceramides by partial hydrolysis. Besides this finding of aG M2-gangliosidosis, an accumulation of gangliosideG M2, trihexosyl-ceramide and probably lactosyl-ceramide was observed. The amaurotic idiocy of the English Setter was characterized by a neuronal storage of granula containing mainly insoluble PAS-positive material; a few of the neurons were slightly enlarged. The ganglioside content of the cerebral cortex was 1.5 times higher than found in normal animals; this increase could only partly be ascribed to an accumulation of gangliosideG M3, which might be nonspecific. In the spinal cord, the ganglioside content was twice as high as in the controls, but no accumulation of anyone particular ganglioside was observed. In regard to the types of amaurotic idiocy in man, the amaurotic idiocy of the German Shorthair Pointer resembles the „late infantile type ofG M2gangliosidosis”, whereas the amaurotic idiocy of the English Setter resembles the „myoclonic variant”. The two types of amaurotic idiocy in the dog, therefore, may be of great value as model diseases in experimental research on the problem of amaurotic idiocy.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In Kulturversuchen erwiesen sich die Polypen von Eirene viridula als leicht zu züchtende Versuchstiere. 2. Unter dem Einfluß von Schadstoffen zeigten die Polypen bei höheren Schadstoffdosen (3 mg/l Cu, 0,3 mg/l Hg) bereits nach kurzer Einwirkungszeit allgemeine Zersetzungserscheinungen. Geringere Schadstoffdosen führten zur Rückbildung der einzelnen Hydranthen und der Kolonien. 3. Sechs Stufen fortschreitender Geweberückbildung können als Stufen zunehmender Schädigung angesehen werden. Schädigungen der Stufen I bis V erwiesen sich in der Regel nach Überführung in normales Meerwasser als reversibel, Schädigungen der Stufe VI dagegen als irreversibel. 4. Neben der Feststellung morphologisch ausgeprägter Effekte kann die Bestimmung des Koloniewachstums bzw. des Rückgangs der Hydranthenzahl als leicht faßbares Schädigungskriterium angesehen werden. 5. Am Beispiel von Versuchen mit Zink, Blei, Cadmium, Kupfer und Quecksilber konnte die im Vergleich zu anderen Testorganismen hohe Empfindlichkeit der Hydroidpolypen nachgewiesen werden (vgl. Tabelle 2). 6. Für Cadmium und Quecksilber ergaben sich in Langzeitversuchen mit mehrwöchiger Einwirkungszeit niedrigere Wirkschwellenkonzentrationen als bei nur zweiwöchiger Einwirkungszeit. 7. Für die Praxis der marinen Abwasserbiologie kann der Hydroidentest als ein ohne grßen Aufwand durchführbarer und trotzdem sehr empfindlicher Test angesehen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The colonial hydroid Eirene viridula (Thecata, Campanulidae) was cultured in natural sea water, and fed twice a week with larvae of Artemia salina. Upon changing the culture water 1 h after feeding, various dosages of zinc, lead, cadmium, copper or mercury were applied in order to assess the response of the polyps to pollutants. Test periods were restricted to 2 or 3 weeks during standard experiments, to 3 months during long-term experiments. Doses of 3 ppm copper or 0.3 ppm mercury lead to tissue disintegration within a few hours. Low doses of heavy metals (3 to 10 ppm Zn, 1 to 10 ppm Pb, 0.3 to 10 ppm Cd, 0.06 to 1 ppm Cu, 0.003 to 0.1 ppm Hg) caused morphological changes and tissue reorganisation of hydranths. Six steps of reorganisation may be used to indicate the degree of damage. In addition to morphological effects, colony growth and reduction of hydranth number provide information on the severity of damage. Most processes were reversible after transfer into uncontaminated sea water. Irreversible damage resulted from experiments with mercury at doses as low as 0.02 ppm Hg. In experiments with 3 ppm Zn and 0.3 to 0.1 ppm Cu, compensations (proliferation of new hydranths) were observed within the second week. In all cases, cadmium and mercury caused cumulative effects; 0.3 ppm Cd or 0.01 to 0.003 ppm Hg led to morphological changes only after at least 2 or 3 weeks. Threshold concentrations for acute effects of zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and mercury are: 1.5 to 3 ppm Zn, 1 to 3 ppm Pb, 0.1 to 0.3 ppm Cd, 0.03 to 0.06 ppm Cu, and 0.001 to 0.003 ppm Hg. In comparison to other marine organisms (Table 2), E. viridula represents a highly sensitive test organism; it can be cultivated rather easily. The “hydroid test” is very suitable for marine bioassays.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 57 (1991), S. 231-233 
    ISSN: 1010-6030
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Screening a human small intestinal library with human serum yielded a clone which encoded a protein res4-22 the gene of which was highly homologous to a recently described gene located in the Huntington's disease locus. Autoantibodies against res4-22 (anti-res4-22), mainly of the immunoglobulin (Ig)A type, were detected in patients with neurological disorders at a higher frequency (18.4%) than in healthy blood donors (8.0%). In neurological patients with cerebral ischaemia anti-res4-22 was found significantly more often (47.4%) than in the total group of neurological patients. Anti-res4-22 positive sera showed significantly more frequently myelin staining in cerebellum and nerve sections than anti-res4-22 negative sera. Our findings demonstrate a new species of human autoantibodies against a newly described protein the function of which is still unknown.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopaminergic system ; glucose metabolism ; positron emission tomography ; Parkinson's disease ; Alzheimer's disease ; progressive supranuclear palsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 21 patients who had Parkinson's disease (PD), PD plus dementia of Alzheimer type (PDAT) or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), were studied with positron emission tomography (PET) using (18F)-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). In one patient with strictly unilateral PD side differences in striatal dopa uptake were studied with 6-(18F)fluoro-L-dopa (F-dopa). In patients with PD PET with FDG did not show any significant change in regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMR(Glu)). In PDAT glucose metabolism was generally reduced, the most severe decrease was found in parietal cortex. The metabolic pattern was similar to that typically found in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the patient with strictly unilateral PD rCMR(Glu) was normal, F-dopa PET, however, revealed a distinct reduction of dopa uptake in the contralateral putamen. In PSP glucose metabolism was significantly decreased in subcortical regions (caudatum, putamen and brainstem) and in frontal cortex. Thus PET demonstrated a clear difference of metabolic pattern between PDAT and PSP.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Positron emission tomography ; (18F)methylspiperone ; clozapine ; haloperidol ; D2 dopamine receptors ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four schizophrenic patients were investigated with dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) using (18F)fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and (18F)methylspiperone (MSP) as tracers. Two schizophrenics were on haloperidol therapy at the time of MSP PET. The other two schizophrenics were treated with clozapine, in one of them MSP PET was carried out twice with different daily doses (100 mg and 450 mg respectively). Neuroleptic serum levels were measured in all patients. Results were compared with MSP PET of two drug-free male control subjects and with a previous fluoroethylspiperone (FESP) study of normals. Three hours after tracer injection specific binding of MSP was observed in the striatum in all cases. The striatum to cerebellum ratio was used to estimate the degree of neuroleptic-caused striatal D2 dopamine receptor occupancy. In the haloperidol treated patients MSP binding was significantly decreased, whereas in the clozapine treated patients striatum to cerebellum ratio was normal. Even the increase of clozapine dose in the same patient had no influence on this ratio. Despite the smaller number of patients the study shows for the first time in humans that striatal MSP binding reflects the different D2 dopamine receptor affinities of clozapine and haloperidol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 338 (1975), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Ceramic Bone Implants ; Defined Pore Size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Definiert poröse zylindrische (Radius 2,5 mm) und halbzylindrische (Radius 6,5 mm) Implantate aus resistenter Aluminiumoxidkeramik mit den Porendurchmessern 0,4 bis 0,6 mm, 0,6 bis 0,8 mm, 0,8 bis 1,0 mm und 1,0 bis 1,2 mm wurden in die Tibia von Hunden implantiert. In den Poren bildete sich in zunehmendem Maße Knochengewebe, und nach einer Verweilzeit von 7 Monaten enthielten fast alle Poren vorwiegend Knochen-gewebe. In zylindrischen Implantaten aus Calciumphosphat (Radius 2,5 mm) mit 0,8 bis 1,0 mm Porendurchmesser erfolgte die Knochenbildung innerhalb der zweimonatigen Verweilzeit deutlich schneller als in vergleichbaren Implantaten aus A1203 und in Implantaten aus Calciumphosphat-Calciumaluminat mit 0,8 bis 1,0 mm Porendurchmesser. Zwischen Knochen und Calciumphosphat-Implantat entstand eine direkte Verbindung ohne erkennbaren Bindegewebssaum. Zwischen Knochen und Al2O3-Keramik hingegen war ein schmaler, zwischen Knochen und Calciumphosphat-Calciumaluminat ein vergleichsweise breiter Bindegewebssaum vorhanden. Die Gewebeverträglichkeit war bei Calciumphosphat optimal. In der Umgebung von Al2O3 traten nach mehrwöchiger Verweilzeit geringgradige Fremdkörperreaktionen auf, in der Umgebung von Calciumphosphat-Calciumaluminat nach 2 Monaten starke Fremdkörperreaktionen.
    Notes: Summary Cylindrical (radius 2.5 mm) and semicylindrical (radius 6.5 mm) implants of nondegradable alumina of defined porosity (pore diameters 0.4 to 0.6 mm, 0.6 to 0.8 mm, 0.8 to 1.0 mm and 1.0 to 1.2 mm) were implanted in the tibiae of dogs. The pores were filled to an increasing extent with bone tissue, so that after a period of seven months almost all the pores contained bone tissue. Cylindrical implants (radius 2.〈5 mm) of calcium phosphate with 0.8 to 1.0 mm pore diameter were more rapidly filled with bone tissue within 2 months than implants of A12O3 and of calcium phosphate-calcium alumina with 0.8 to 1.0 mm pore diameter. Direct contact was established between the calcium phosphate implants and new bone, i.e. without any seam of connective tissue. Between the bone and the Al2O3 ceramic on the other band, there was a narrow seam of connective tissue, and a relatively broad seam was observed between the bone and the calcium phosphate-calcium alumina implant. The calcium phosphate implants had an excellent tissue compatibility. In the vicinity of the Al2O3 implants minor, and in the case of the calcium phosphate-calcium alumina implants major foreign body reactions occurred after 2 months.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 341 (1976), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate implants ; Resorption ; Bone growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Massive cylindrische Implantate (5 X 15,5 mm) aus sieben Calciumphosphatkeramiken verschiedener Zusammensetzung wurden ohne Fixierung in die Tibia von Hunden implantiert, nach 6 Wochen Verweilzeit entnommen und histologisch untersucht. Die Gewebeverträglichkeit erwies sich als abhängig von der mineralogischen und chemischen Zusammensetzung des Materials: Die Keramik war bei einem Ca0/ P2O5-Verhältnis von 2:1 bis 4: 1 gewebeverträglich, das Optimum lag bei etwa 3:1 (Tricalciumphosphat). Außerdem wurden cylindrische Implantate aus Tetracalciumphosphat mit einer durchgehend porösen Struktur nach der oben beschriebenen Methode implantiert. Sie waren nach 6 Monaten wenig resorbiert. Entsprechende Implantate aus Mischungen verschiedener Calciumphosphate waren dagegen nach 6 Monaten bereits tiefgründig resorbiert. Die Keramik wurde durch mineralisiertes Knochengewebe ersetzt, das sich bevorzugt direkt auf der Keramik, auch innerhalb der Poren, bildete. Fremdkörperreaktionen traten nicht auf. Aufschluß über die Belastbarkeit gaben Untersuchungen mit segmentförmigen Implantaten, die in die Tibia von Hunden eingesetzt und mit AO-Platten bzw. mit Schienen extracutan für etwa 8–10 Wochen fixiert wurden. Während Implantate mit 75 % Porosität nach Aufhebung der Fixierung der Belastung nicht standhielten, konnten solche mit 45 % Porosität physiologisch belastet werden.
    Notes: Summary Compact cylindrical implants (5 X 15.5 mm) of seven calcium phosphate ceramics of different formulations that had been implanted for 6 weeks without fixation in the tibia of dogs were examined histologically. The tissue compatibility of the implant turned out to be dependent on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the material: the ceramic material was biocompatible at a CaO/P2O5 ratio between 2: 1 and 4:1, the optimum ratio being about 3: 1 (tricalcium phosphate). In addition, cylindrical tetracalcium phosphate implants with an entirely porous structure were implanted in the same manner. After 6 months, they were resorbed to a minor extent. Implants of different calcium phosphate mixtures, on the other hand, were resorbed to a large extend after the same time. The ceramic material was replaced by mineralised bone tissue which had formed directly on the ceramic implant as well as within the pores. There were no foreign body reactions. Investigations with segment-shaped implants which were implanted in the tibia of dogs and fixed with AO-plates or splints extra-cutaneously for about 8–10 weeks, provided information about the maximum stress that can be borne by the implants. While implants with a porosity of 75 percent did not sustain the stress after the fixation had been removed, those with a porosity of 45 percent could be subjected to physiological stress after removal of the splints.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 351 (1980), S. 179-192 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Laser surgery ; Hemostasis ; Wound healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lasergeräte unterschiedlicher Systeme CO2, CO-, Nd-YAG-und Holmium-YAG-Laser) sind vergleichend mit konventionellen chirurgischen Geräten (Elektroskalpell, Kryoskalpell und Skalpell) an der Leber des Schweines und an der Niere des Hundes eingesetzt worden. CO2- und CO-Laser verursachten die geringste Gewebeschädigung, gefolgt vom Holmium-Laser; die stärkste Schädigung verursachte der Nd-YAG-Laser. Für die koagulierende Wirkung konnte die umgekehrte Reihenfolge ermittelt werden. Die konventionellen Vergleichsinstrumente zeigten eine schwächere blutstillende Wirkung. Die Reparation der durch Laser erzeugten Schnittflächen verlief über 4 bis 8 Wochen bei Leber und Niere komplikationslos. Reste verkohlten Gewebes waren noch nach 8 Wochen nach der Anwendung bei allen Lasern in unterschiedlicher Menge CO2〈CO〈Nd: YAG) nachweisbar. Die Narbenbildung wurde dadurch offensichtlich nicht gestört.
    Notes: Summary Various laser devices CO2, CO, Nd: YAG, and holmium: YAG lasers) have been used on pig livers and on dog kidneys for comparison with conventional surgical instruments (electroscalpel, cryoscalpel, and scalpel). CO2, and CO lasers caused the least tissue damage, followed by the holmium laser; severe damage was caused by the Nd: YAG laser. The order was reverse for coagulative effect. The conventional reference instruments showed a weaker hemostatic effect. Surfaces cut by laser healed in four to eight weeks without complications. Remnants of charred tissue in various quantities could still be detected after eight weeks in all cases where CO2, CO, and Nd: YAG lasers had been used. This obviously did not affect scar formation.
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