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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine in the treatment of immediate mosquito-bite allergy (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  People frequently experience whealing and delayed papules from mosquito bites. Whealing is mediated by antisaliva immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies and histamine. Cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine have earlier shown effects on mosquito-bite reactions but no comparative studies exist.Methods:  A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed with cetirizine 10 mg, ebastine 10 mg and loratadine 10 mg in 29 mosquito-bite-sensitive adults exposed to Aedes aegypti mosquito-bites. The size of the bite lesion and the intensity of pruritus (visual analog scale) were measured at 15 min and 2, 6 and 24 h.Results:  Cetirizine and ebastine, but not loratadine, decreased significantly the size of whealing (P 〈 0.01) and accompanying pruritus (P 〈 0.001) compared to placebo. Cetirizine was most effective on pruritus but caused more often sedation than ebastine or loratadine. The delayed bite symptoms remained too faint for any statistical comparison.Conclusion:  This comparative study in mosquito-bite-sensitive adults shows that cetirizine and ebastine decrease significantly whealing and accompanying pruritus, and that cetirizine seems to be the most effective against pruritus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.13201.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cetirizine on the inflammatory cells in mosquito bites (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Mosquito bites frequently cause wealing and delayed papules which appear within a few hours after the bites and may persist for several days. Cetirizine is an effective drug against mosquito bites by decreasing wealing and also the size and pruritus of the delayed bite papules.Objectives To characterize inflammatory cells in the delayed mosquito-bite lesions, and to study the effect of cetirizine on the inflammatory cell response.Methods Twenty-six mosquito-bite sensitive subjects received cetirizine 20 mg (14 subjects) or placebo (12 subjects) in a double-blind fashion. Aedes aegypti-bites were given on a forearm and serial punch biopsies were taken at 2-, 6- and 24 h after the bite exposure, Eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, mononuclear cells and T- helper (CD4+) and suppressor (CD8+) lymphocytes were counted from dermal infiltrates.Results Eosinophils and neutrophiis were found already in 2-h bite lesions. Moreover, the number of mononuclear and CD4+ cells increased significantly (P 〈 0,01) from 2- to 24-h bite lesions. Unexpectedly, the overall numbers of eosinophils (P 〈 0.05), mononuclear cells (P 〈 0.01) and CD4f cells (P 〈 0.01) were significantly higher in the cetirizine-treated subjects compared with the placebo-treated subjects.Conclusions The results suggest that the inflammatory cell response in the delayed mosquito-bite lesions is similar to that occurring in allergic late-phase responses, i.e. an early influx of eosinophils, neutrophils and subsequent accumalation of CD4+ lymphocytes. The reason for the high numbers of eosinophils and CD4+ cells in the cetirizine-treated subjects is not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00597.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of mosquito bites with cetirizine (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eighteen adult subjects sensitive to mosquito bites participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 10 mg cetirizine. The drug was given prophylactically and the subjects were then exposed to bites of Aedes communis mosquitoes in the field. Bite lesions were measured and pruritus was scored with a visual analogue scale at 15 min, 60 min, 12 hr and 24 hr. Cetirizine significantly decreased immediate wealing and pruritus and, interestingly, also had a clear effect on the delayed 12 hr and 24 hr bite papules and pruritus. The diameter of a 15 min mosquito-bite weal was 10.10 ± 10.10 mm (mean ±s.d.) with the placebo and 5.5 ± 5.5 mm with cetirizine treatment (P〈0.0). The 15 min pruritus scores were 36.36 ± 25.25 and 11.11±13.13 (P〈 0.0), respectively. The diameter of the 24 hr mosquito-bite lesion was 12.12 ± 21.21 mm with the placebo and 7.7±16.16 mm with cetirizine treatment (P〈0.0). The 24 hr pruritus scores were 18.18 ± 25.25 and 6.6±14.14 (P〈0.0), respectively. These results indicate that, in mosquito-sensitive subjects, prophylactically administered cetirizine is an effective drug against both immediate and delayed mosquito-bite symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb02487.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loratadine in the treatment of mosquito-bite-sensitive children (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Children frequently experience harmful whealing and delayed papules from mosquito bites. Whealing is mediated by antisaliva IgE antibodies and histamine, but the effect of antihistamines on mosquito-bite symptoms has not been evaluated in children. Methods: The effect of loratadine (0.3 mg/kg) was examined in 28 mosquito-bite-sensitive children (aged 2–11 years). The double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was performed with exposure to Aedes aegypti laboratorymosquitoes. The size of the bite lesion and the intensity of pruritus (visual analog scale) were measured at 15 min and at 2, 6, and 24 h. Results: Loratadine decreased the size of the wheals by 45% (P〈0.001, 25 children) and accompanying pruritus by 78% (P=0.011, 12 children) at 15 min compared to placebo. The size of the 24-h delayed bite lesion also decreased significantly (P=0.004), but there was no change at 2 or 6 h. Loratadine was well tolerated and no marked side-effects were recorded. Conclusions: This study in children shows that prophylactically given loratadine decreases significantly the whealing and pruritus caused by mosquito bites and also reduces the size of the 24-h bite lesions. Therefore, the therapeutic profile of loratadine extends from immediate to delayed allergic symptoms in mosquito-bite-sensitive children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00609.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of glucocorticoid receptor in rat skin (1994)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 102 (1994), S. 305-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to map immunohistochemically the distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in rat skin. Nuclear GR-like immunoreactivity (LI) was found in both epidermis and dermis. In the epidermis, the basal cell layer showed an intense immunoreaction; the lower part of the spinous layer was also labelled. In the dermis, the fibroblasts as well as the sweat glands, sebocytes and adipocytes were GR-immunoreactive (IR). In the root sheath of the hair follicle the staining was most intensive in the outer layer. The endothelial cells comprising the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, as well as the arrector pili muscle, showed GR-LI. In the peripheral nerves, the immunoreaction was localized to the nuclei of the Schwann cells and in the perineurial fibroblasts. Mast cells did not show nuclear GR-LI. Based on our immunocytochemical findings that several cell types of the skin are GR-IR, the variable physiological and pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids are easier to understand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269167
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