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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7572-7580 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Voiding and open-circuit failures from cracking of interconnects in microelectronic devices are often observed during isothermal aging and thermal fatigue tests with or without electric current flow. Although the effects of many factors on the failure rate have been investigated experimentally, it is not yet known how to extrapolate the results of accelerated tests to normal operating conditions. Theoretical failure models for isothermal aging and thermal fatigue tests are constructed from diffusion theory and fracture mechanics in this paper. The results from many investigations can be incorporated into this model to explain many of the observed phenomena, for example, effects of the aging temperature, interconnect stress, linewidth, line thickness, passivation, interlayer dielectric stress, etc. Patterned Al-Cu interconnects were thermally cycled in air. It was found that the failure mechanisms of interconnects under isothermal aging and thermal fatigue are the same. Effects of hold time, frequency, and thermal fatigue temperatures on failure rate were studied both experimentally and theoretically. The predicted results according to the present failure model show excellent agreement with experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 1649-1654 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The brittle cracking and subsequent debonding of nickel films deposited on polymer substrates subjected to uniaxial strain is investigated. Stress analyses for a film/substrate system are performed. Based on the analysis, the interfacial bond strength between brittle thin films and flexible substrates can be evaluated in terms of the tensile strength of the coating and the length of the largest segment that first debonds. Experiments were performed on Ni films with different thicknesses evaporated on polyethylene terephthalate substrates and the intrinsic bond strength was evaluated. The interfacial bond strengths were shown to be relatively independent of the film thickness for the range studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 31 (1980), S. 673-690 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ausbreitung von sich gegenseitig beeinflussenden Zugrissen in spröden Körpen wird allgemein untersucht. Es werden Fälle betrachtet, bei denen das Ausbreitungsregime von mehreren Rissen, die gleichzeitig und stabil wachsen, instabil werden kann. Es wird angenommen, dass der Bruchprozess den Bedingungen Mode I genügt, und es wird nur das Wachstum von geraden Rissen untersucht. Zunächst wird das Problem als Variationsprinzip formuliert, und eine parametrische Beschereibung des entsprechenden Potentials wird angegeben. Die Bedingungen unter denen die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten den gegebenen Belastungsgeschwindigkeiten entsprechen, werden aus dem Stationären Charakter der potentiellen Energie hergeleitet und die kritischen Zustände, welche Eindeutigkeitsgrenzen darstellen, werden identififiert. Vier Arten von solchen kritischen Zuständen werden beschrieben. Drei von ihnen sind auf die mit der Rissausbreitung verbundenen physikalischen Bedingungen zurückzuführen. die vierte entsteht, wenn das ‚Hessian’ der zweiten Variablen der potentiellen Energie verschwindet. Das postkritische Verhalten wird durch Minimisierung der parametrischen Form der potentiellen Energie bestimmt. Anschliessend wird durch ein Perturbationsverfahren der Einfluss der Stoffinhomogenität und der Fehlersensivität untersucht. Für zwei sich gegenseitig, beeinflussende Risse mit kleinen Unterschieden in ihrem Bruchwiderstand werden explizite Resultate angegeben. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, dass bei einem Unterschied im Bruchwiderstand der Risse der Grössenordnung ε, die Verformung an der Stabilitätsgrenze um ε1/2 kleiner ist als im Fall ohne Imperfektion.
    Notes: Abstract The growth of interactive tension cracks in brittle solids is investigated in general. Cases are considered where the growth regime of several cracks, which are extending simultaneously in a stable manner, may become unstable. The fracture process is assumed to be governed by the Mode I conditions, and only straight-crack extension is examined. First, a variational formulation is presented, and a parametric description of the corresponding potential energy is given. Conditions under which unique crack growth rates correspond to given rates of loading are established from the stationary character of the potential energy, and critical states at which uniqueness, fails, are identified. Four types of critical states are identified, three of which stem from the constraint imposed by the physical conditions associated with crack growth phenomena, whereas the fourth emerges from the vanishing of the Hessian of the second variation of potential energy. The postcritical behavior is determined by minimization of the parametric form of the potential energy. Then a perturbation method is used, and the effect of material inhomogeneity and imperfection sensitivity is examined. Explicit results are obtained for two interacting cracks where imperfection arises from small differences in the fracture toughness of the cracks. It is shown in particular, that if the toughness of the cracks differs by a quantity of the order ε, then the strain level at which instability takes place, drops from its value for the case with no imperfection by a quantity of the order ε1/2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 18 (1996), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The contact problem for an elastic-plastic quarter space with arbitrary loading is analyzed. A point load iteration method is used that allows an arbitrary surface profile of the indentor to be prescribed as a displacement boundary condition with an unknown relative approach between the indentor and quarter space and a contact area that extends to the edge of the quarter space. The direct analysis method is used as an efficient algorithm to estimate the steady state residual and cyclic quantities for a quarter space. The present paper is primarily concerned with edge effects. As the relative distance between the loading center and the edge becomes closer, the elastic contact pressure will deviate from the Hertzian distribution. The present method calculates the steady state residual stresses and equivalent plastic strain ranges and allows assessment of performance by parametric studies in realistic three-dimensional problems which would be otherwise prohibitively lengthy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 3 (1988), S. 283-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction problem of adhesive contact between an axisymmetrically loaded thin circular plate and an isotropic or transversely isotropic elastic half-space is reduced to a problem of solving a pair of coupled integral equations for the unknown normal and shearing interfacial tractions. The system of integral equations is solved numerically and some results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 18 (1996), S. 259 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The contact problem for an elastic-plastic quarter space with arbitrary loading is analyzed. A point load iteration method is used that allows an arbitrary surface profile of the indentor to be prescribed as a displacement boundary condition with an unknown relative approach between the indentor and quarter space and a contact area that extends to the edge of the quarter space. The direct analysis method is used as an efficient algorithm to estimate the steady state residual and cyclic quantities for a quarter space. The present paper is primarily concerned with edge effects. As the relative distance between the loading center and the edge becomes closer, the elastic contact pressure will deviate from the Hertzian distribution. The present method calculates the steady state residual stresses and equivalent plastic strain ranges and allows assessment of performance by parametric studies in realistic three-dimensional problems which would be otherwise prohibitively lengthy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 21 (1983), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On examine le problème de la croissance d'une fissure quasi statique et légèrement non-colinéaire dans un solide fragile fini. On présente une solution qui tient compte de la géométrie finie et des conditions appliquées aux limites. L'approche utilise les résultats d'une solution de perturbation de premier ordre pour l'extension d'une fissure non-colinéaire à partir de l'extrémité d'une fissure droite semi-infinie, suivant le schéma d'une solution alternative qui tient compte de l'effet d'une géométrie finie et des conditions aux limites dans une approche itérative. A titre d'illustration, on examine le cas d'une fissure de Griffith légèrement inclinée et soumise à contrainte biaxiale.
    Notes: Abstract The problem of a slightly non-collinear, quasi-static crack growth in a finite brittle solid is examined. A solution method which accounts for the finite geometry and the applied boundary conditions is presented. The approach uses the results of the first order perturbation solution for non-collinear crack extension from the tip of a semi-infinite straight crack, in an alternating solution scheme which takes into account the effect of the finite geometry and the boundary conditions in an iterative manner. For illustration, a slightly slanted Griffith crack under biaxial loading is examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 15 (1979), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En formulant le problème de la fissure plane dans un solide infini soumis à une pression interne normale, on aboutit à une équation intégrale pour les contraintes normales inconnues dans le plan de la fissure. Lorsque ces contraintes sont déterminées, le facteur d'intensité des contraintes K I au bord de la fissure et les déplacements normaux des points situés à l'intérieur de la région de la fissure, peuvent être obtenus par voie numérique. La forme du contour de la fissure et la charge normale sur la fissure peuvent être arbitraires. Dans ce mémoire, l'équation intégrale est résolue par voie numérique et le facteur d'intensité des contraintes K I est obtenu dans le cas de fissures soumises à une pression normale uniforme et variant linéairement, ces fissures ayant des contours divers de forme convexe.
    Notes: Abstract The problem of a plane crack in an infinite solid under normal internal pressure is formulated to result in an integral equation for the unknown normal stresses on the plane of the crack. Once these stresses are determined the stress intensity factor, K I, around the crack edge and the normal displacements of points inside the crack region are obtained numerically. The crack contour shape and the normal loading of the crack can be arbitrary. In this paper the integral equation is solved numerically and the stress intensity factor, K I, is obtained for cracks subjected to uniform and linearly varying normal pressure and having various convex contour shapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 34 (1987), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On situe une fissure plane, verticale et soumise à pression dans une couche dont les surfaces supérieures et inférieures fixées. On fournit une représentation par intégrale du champ de déplacements et on déduit une équation intégrale associant l'ouverture de la fissure et la pression appliquée. On développe une approche numérique pour la construction des éléments triangulaire aux limites et pour la résolution de l'équation intégrale. Il se révèle que le schéma d'intégration par approximations sur trois termes, proposé par Sneddon, est essentiel pour l'introduction d'une solution numérique. On conçoit des exemples numériques permettant d'explorer l'effet de bord, dès lors que le kernel de l'intégrale est mis sous une forme adéquate. Des méthodes simplifiées pour obtenir une approximation des résultats de la solution exacte sont proposées et se révèlent remarquablement précises.
    Notes: Abstract A vertical, planar pressurized crack is located in a layer with fixed upper and lower surfaces. The integral representation for the displacement field is given, and an integral equation, which relates crack opening and applied pressure, is derived. A numerical scheme to construct the triangular boundary elements and to solve the integral equation is developed. A three-term approximative integration scheme developed by Sneddon proves to be essential for implementation of the numerical solution. Numerical examples are designed for exploring the boundary effect once the kernel of the integral is put into a suitable form. Simplifying methods to approximate the results of the exact solution are developed and prove surprisingly accurate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 14 (1984), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The three-dimensional problem of a semi-infinite plane crack whose faces experience normal and shear tractions is considered. The formulation departs significantly from the Papkovich-Neuber formulation used in the works of Kassir and Sih and Uflyand who have solved similar problems. This alternative formulation considerably reduces the complexity of the calculations involved. The results reported here for the case of symmetric shear tractions parallel to the crack edge appear to be new.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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