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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 545-553 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Type I diabetes ; Insulin resistance ; Euglycaemic clamp ; Insulin receptor binding ; Insulin antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the euglycaemic clamp technique in eight type I diabetic patients (after overnight blood glucose normalization with an artificial pancreas) and in six healthy subjects. Basal insulin concentrations were higher in diabetic patients (25±4 µU/ml) than in control subjects (17±1 µU/ml;P〈0.05). Insulin infusion of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mU/kg per min during subsequent 2-h periods resulted in similar mean steady-state insulin concentrations in both groups. The mean dextrose requirements during the last 40 min of each period were nevertheless decreased in diabetic patients (1.6±0.5, 3.5±0.8, 6.5±0.7, 10.2±0.7 mg/kg per min) as compared with control subjects (4.7±0.3, 8.2±0.9, 10.2±0.9, 12.4±0.9 mg/kg per min). At low insulin concentrations dextrose requirements were diminished in all diabetic subjects. At the highest insulin levels, individual dose-response curves from only four patients were within the normal range. Under basal conditions, the monocyte receptor number was significantly reduced in diabetic patients (17,500±2,800 sites/cell) as compared with control subjects (26,700±2,500 sites/cell;P〈0.05), whereas there were no differences regarding empty site affinities. Receptor data did not differ in patients with normal and decreased maximal dextrose requirements. Insulin resistance is apparently a common feature of type I diabetes at serum insulin concentrations of approximately 100 µU/ml. Normalization of the insulin effect by higher insulin concentrations is not possible in all patients. Insulin antibodies at concentrations observed in this study (〈0.16 mU/ml) do not contribute significantly to insulin resistance; receptor and postreceptor defects are possibly more important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 738-744 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Insulin infusion ; Artificial endocrine pancreas ; Glucose-controlled insulin infusion system ; Insulin therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In nine insulin-dependent diabetics postprandial glucose control under closed loop insulin infusion by an artificial endocrine pancreas was compared with that obtained under open loop infusion employing identical infusion profiles which were advanced 20 min by time in the case of open loop infusion. The earlier increase of insulin infusion rates in the latter case resulted in lower postprandial glucose concentrations during the first 90 min after meal intake. Incremental areas under the blood glucose curves during this time were significantly lower when insulin infusion rates rose earlier (4.5×103±0.5×103 vs 2.1×103±0.6×103 mg/dl×min;p〈0.02). Insulin was administered at maximum rates 45–50 min after the start of the meal during closed loop infusion (196±38 mU/min) and 25–30 min after the meal during open loop infusion (192±35 mU/min). Correspondingly, mean free insulin concentrations which are available from six patients rose to 135±47 (40 min) or 141±50 µU/ml (20 min). Glucagon levels did not differ between both parts of the study. It is concluded that increases of post-prandial insulin infusion rates occurring earlier than increases of blood glucose levels are important for optimizing glucose profiles and possibly reflect physiologic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Semisynthetic human insulin ; Biological potency ; Insulin hypoglycaemia ; Euglycaemic clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The biological potency of semisynthetic human insulin (Actrapid HM, Novo) and purified pork insulin (Actrapid MC, Novo) was assessed in normal and diabetic subjects. The blood glucose lowering effect and the related counter-regulatory response were initially tested in six healthy subjects who received an i.v. injection of 0.15 U/kg body weight of either insulin preparation. The attained insulin levels were very similar (peak at 15 min: HM 139±7, MC 129±7 µU/ml), as well as the resulting blood glucose curves. A prolonged suppression of C-peptide values was observed after injecting both preparations. The evoked counter-regulatory response [glucagon, growth hormone (GH), cortisol and catecholamines] showed minimal differences. Prolactin secretion was almost identical after HM and MC injection. A glucose clamp study was subsequently performed in six insulin-dependent diabetic (IDD) patients. Blood glucose levels were maintained at 80 mg/dl by the artificial pancreas during a 180 min infusion of MC or HM insulin (30 mU/kg/h). The amounts of dextrose infused during the last 60 min of the study were not significantly different (121±14 vs 137±11 mg/kg/h for MC and HM, respectively). It is clear from our results that at the dose levels used in this study, the biological potency of i.v. injected HM is very similar to that of MC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetic neuropathy ; Adrenergic receptors ; Orthostatic hypotension ; β-Blocking agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a 30-year-old male patient is reported. He was admitted to the hospital because of severe diabetic neuropathy, predominantly in the lower extremities. Signs of autonomic neuropathy were not evident but the patient had severe orthostatic hypotension. Circulating catecholamine concentrations were normal; however, the blood pressure response to infused norepinephrine was reduced ten-fold compared to a group of normals. An improvement of the blood pressure response to sympathomimetic drugs was accomplished during the simultaneous administration of propranolol, a β-receptor blocking agent. The present data suggest a possible defect of the adrenergic receptor system in response to sympathomimetic drugs while the release of catecholamines and the function of the parasympathetic nervous system appears to be intact. Treatment with β-blocking agents such as propranolol as an adjunct to sympathomimetics seems to be a promising approach which might deserve further consideration in similar cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 54 (1976), S. 717-725 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Pankreashormone ; Insulinantikörper ; Glukosetoleranztest ; Glibenclamide ; Diabetes mellitus ; Pancreatic Hormones ; Insulin Antibodies ; Glucose tolerance test ; Glibenclamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Human C-peptide is determined by radioimmunoassay. On gel filtration of serum from a healthy subject and from a patient with islet cell carcinoma, C-peptide (MW 3025) appears ahead of insulin (MW 5808) and shows much higher molar concentrations than the hormone. Human proinsulin cross-reacts with our antiserum to synthetic human C-peptide. On direct determination of immunomeasurable C-peptide (IMCP) in fasting serum of 25 healthy subjects we find an average of 1.8 (±0.4) ng/ml, corresponding to 60.4 × 10−11 Mol/l. The molar concentration is about five-fold as compared to IMI (immunomeasurable insulin). IMCP and IMI patterns are not identical on stimulation of beta-cell secretion in healthy subjects by i.v. glucose or glucose-glibenclamide. This is probably due to differences in peripheral metabolism of both compounds. We conclude from our results that C-peptide determined in peripheral venous serum is a better indicator of beta-cell secretion than is insulin. Among 26 insulin-treated juvenile diabetics 15 show not measurable and 11 subnormal IMCP levels in fasting serum. No rise in IMCP is found 1–2 h following breakfast. Four juvenile patients receiving no insulin in a phase of total diabetes remission have normal or raised fasting IMCP concentrations. Only 2 out of 24 adult diabetics (16 treated with insulin and 8 with tablets) show non-measurable fasting IMCP concentrations, in another 4 patients values are below and in the remaining 18 cases above 1 ng/ml serum. Stimulation of beta-cell secretion through glucoseglibenclamide is more or less impaired in all adult diabetics compared to the healthy subjects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Humanes C-Peptid wird radioimmunologisch bestimmt. Bei der Gelfiltration von Serum einer gesunden Probandin und einer Patientin mit Inselzellcarcinom erscheint C-Peptid (MG 3025) vor Insulin (MG 5808). Die molaren Konzentrationen für C-Peptid sind viel höher als für Insulin. Humanes Proinsulin reagiert mit unserem Antiserum gegen synthetisches humanes C-Peptid kreuz. Bei direkter Messung im Serum zeigen 25 Gesunde einen Nüchternspiegel für immunologisch meßbares C-Peptid (IMCP) von 1,8 (±0,4) ng/ml, entsprechend 60,4 × 10−11 Mol/l. Die molare Konzentration für immunologisch meßbares Insulin (IMI) beträgt ungefähr ein Fünftel dieses Wertes. Nach Stimulation der Beta-Zell-Sekretion mit i.v. Glukose oder Glukose-Glibenclamid finden sich bei Gesunden unterschiedliche Verl:aufe für IMCP und IMI. Wahrscheinlich erklärt sich dieser Befund mit einem unterschiedlichen peripheren Metabolismus beider Substanzen. Aus unseren Ergebnissen schließen wir, daß bei Messungen im peripheren venösen Serum C-Peptid ein besserer Indikator der Beta-Zell-Sekretion ist als Insulin. Von 26 insulinpflichtigen juvenilen Diabetikern zeigen 15 nicht meßbare und 11 subnormale IMCP Spiegel im Nüchternserum. 1–2 h nach dem Frühstück findet sich kein Anstieg für IMCP. Bei 4 juvenilen Diabetikern, die während einer totalen Remissionsphase ohne Insulin auskommen, liegen die IMCP Nüchternkonzentrationen im Normbereich für Gesunde oder darüber. Nur bei 2 von 24 erwachsenen Diabetikern (16 Fälle mit Insulin behandelt, 8 mit Tabletten) sind die IMCP Nüchternkonzentrationen nicht meßbar, bei 4 weiteren Patienten liegen sie unter, in den restlichen 18 Fällen dagegen über 1 ng/ml Serum. Die Stimulierbarkeit der Beta-Zell-Sekretion durch Glukose-Glibenclamid ist bei allen erwachsenen Diabetikern im Vergleich mit Gesunden mehr oder weniger eingeschränkt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sc. glucose concentrations ; Implantable glucose sensor ; In vivo testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An amperometric enzyme electrode and a wick technique were used for measurement of glucose in sc. tissue of sheep. When wicks were left implanted long enough to equilibrate with interstitial fluid, sc. glucose could have been reproducibly determined with the necessary accuracy. It was demonstrated that sc. tissue glucose concentrations in sheep are about 30% higher than in whole blood and are on the level of plasma glucose. This allows interpretation of sc. glucose sensor currents since results of in vitro-calibrations cannot be transferred to in vivo conditions. When an enzymatic sensor was implanted in the sc. compartment, the sensor signals were closely related to changes of blood glucose. These in vivo experiments indicate that short term glucose-monitoring with an subcutaneously implantable glucose sensor is feasible and so may provide a possible access to glycemic control. Further experiments will have to show, if glucose-controlled insulin infusions based on the output of a sc. glucose sensor will be able to maintain stable normoglycemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 16 (1993), S. 435-438 
    ISSN: 0925-4005
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computer Physics Communications 22 (1981), S. 383-387 
    ISSN: 0010-4655
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computer Physics Communications 24 (1981), S. 363-376 
    ISSN: 0010-4655
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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