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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Prototheca (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 105-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Starch hydrolysis ; DNA ; Base composition ; GC content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 16 strains of the genus Prototheca do not produce extracellular amylolytic enzymes. The base composition of their DNA shows rather continuous values from 62% to 78% GC (guanine + cytosine). Their assignment to four species and their possible relationship with Chlorella protothecoides are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408740
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vorkommen und Leistungsfähigkeit von Hydrogenase bei einigen Grünalgen (1960)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 37 (1960), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hydrogenase was shown to be present in the green algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa (two different Emerson strains), Chlorella vulgaris (Pratt strain), Coelastrum proboscideum var. dilatatum, and Selenastrum gracile. In three of the algae studied, maximum activity of hydrogenase is reached after about 4 hours of anaerobiosis. The adaptation of the other two strains, however, requires about 12 and 30 hours respectively. By contrast, Chlorella ellipsoidea (strain Marburg St), Hormidium flaccidum, and Stichococcus bacillaris do not develop hydrogenase activity during up to 100 hours of anaerobic incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408421
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiologische Untersuchungen an einer ungewöhnlich säureresistenten Chlorella (1960)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 37 (1960), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the hydrogen-ion concentration on the growth and metabolism of a highly acid-resistant green alga, Chlorella ellipsoidea (strain Marburg St), was studied. Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Emerson strain) served as a “normal” control organism. Growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea occurs in the entire range from Ph 2.0 to Ph 10, whereas for Chlorella pyrenoidosa the limits were found to be Ph 3.5 and Ph 10. Respiration is much less sensitive to hydrogen-ion concentration in the acid-resistant as compared to the normal strain. Thus an increase in acidity from Ph 4.0 to Ph 2.0 increases the respiratory oxygen uptake by 120% in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and by 25% in Chlorella ellipsoidea. In addition, only the less resistant Chlorella pyrenoidosa shows an accumulation of nitrite in the dark in acid culture media, indicating a disturbance of the normal course of nitrate reduction under these conditions. On the other hand, the rate of photosynthesis of both organisms was found to be almost independent of acidity between Ph 4.0 and Ph 2.0. At the acid and alkaline limits of growth in both algae, an inhibition of cell division leads to an increase of cell size and dry weight per cell, frequently connected with the occurrence of bizarre giant cells. — In addition, adaptation phenomena were found to play a role in determining the acid limit of growth. Cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, after inoculation from normal medium (Ph about 6) into a solution of Ph 2.0, begin growth at a high rate only after a lag of about two weeks. Cells grown previously in an acid medium, however, immediately resume growth upon inoculation into a medium of Ph 2.0. This adaptation involves a considerable reduction of cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408423
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiologische und biochemische Beiträge zur Taxonomie der Gattung Chlorella (1966)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 54 (1966), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. To check the stability of the biochemical characters used in the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella, hydrogenase activity, formation of secondary carotenoids, and liquefaction of gelatin were studied in 31 mutants derived from two Chlorella strains. 2. All 28 mutants of Chlorella C-1.1.10 (belonging to Chlorella I=pyrenoidosa) were found like the wild type to contain hydrogenase. In contrast to the wild type, however, the 28 mutants have lost the ability to form secondary carotenoids in nitrogen-deficient cultures and to liquefy gelatin. 3. Heterotrophic mutants of Chlorella C-1.1.10 in an inorganic culture medium containing chloramphenicol (10-4 M) show a stepwise reversion to the wild type (autotrophic, able to form secondary carotenoids and to liquefy gelatin). Several intermediate stages of this process have been isolated. Some of these algae are green and heterotrophic, whereas others are autotrophic, but unable to synthesize secondary carotenoids and to liquefy gelatin. In a few cases the reversion stops at one of the intermediate levels. 4. The 3 mutants of Chlorella C-1.1.12 (belonging to the new species Chlorella II) contain hydrogenase like the wild type. 5. The stability of hydrogenase against mutation demonstrates that this biochemical character is of special value in taxonomy. 6. From the high degree of mutability of the other biochemical characters (formation of secondary carotenoids, liquefaction of gelatin) it follows that “biochemical species” in the genus Chlorella should be restricted to a small number.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Zur Klärung der Frage nach der Konstanz physiologischer und biochemischer Merkmale bei Algen wurden 31 Mutanten zweier Wildstämme von Chlorella auf Hydrogenase-Aktivität, Bildung von Sekundär-Carotinoiden bei Stickstoffmangel und Gelatine-Verflüssigung geprüft. 2. Alle 28 Mutanten von Chlorella C-1.1.10 (Chlorella I=pyrenoidosa) enthalten wie der Wildstamm Hydrogenase, haben jedoch im Gegensatz zum Wildstamm die Fähigkeit zur Bildung von Sekundär-Carotinoiden bei N-Mangel sowie zur Verflüssigung von Gelatine verloren. 3. In anorganischer Nährlösung mit Zusatz von Chloramphenicol (10-4 m) revertieren heterotrophe Mutanten von Chlorella C-1.1.10 stufenweise zum Wildtyp. Über grüne, heterotrophe sowie autotrophe, aber nicht zur Sekundär-Carotinoid-Bildung und Gelatine-Verflüssigung befähigte Zwischenformen entstehen biochemisch der Ausgangsform entsprechende Organismen. In einigen Fällen bleibt jedoch die Reversion auf einer dieser Zwischenstufen stehen. 4. Die drei Mutanten von Chlorella C-1.1.12 (Chlorella II) besitzen wie der Wildstamm Hydrogenase. 5. Die Stabilität der Hydrogenase gegenüber Mutationen zeigt, daß dieses biochemische Merkmal besonderen taxonomischen Wert besitzt. 6. Die starke Mutations-Anfälligkeit anderer biochemischer Eigenschaften (Bildung von Sekundär-Carotinoiden bei N-Mangel, Fähigkeit zur Gelatine-Verflüssigung) weist darauf hin, daß es unzweckmäßig ist, die Gattung Chlorella aufgrund geringfügiger biochemischer Unterschiede in zahlreiche Taxa aufzuspalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424707
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiologische und biochemische Beiträge zur Taxonomie der Gattung Chlorella (1971)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 79 (1971), S. 44-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 16 nicht-autotrophe Chlorella-Stämme erwiesen sich als auxotroph (benötigen Thiamin). 14 dieser Stämme sind außerdem mesotroph (können kein Nitrat verwerten). Chlorella protothecoides Krüger (14 Stämme) enthält keine Hydrogenase, ist nicht zur Reduktion von Nitrat befähigt, verflüssigt nicht Gelatine, bildet bei N-Mangel keine Sekundär-Carotionoide, bleicht bei Kultur mit Glucose aus, und erreicht die Grenze des Wachstums im sauren Bereich bei pH 3,5–4,0. Die beiden anderen Stämme haben Hydrogenase-Aktivität, können Nitrat als N-Quelle verwenden, verflüssigen nicht Gelatine, bilden keine Sekundär-Carotinoide, bleichen bei Kultur mit Glucose nicht aus und erreichen die Grenze des Wachstums bei pH 4,5–5,0. Sie werden als Chlorella VI bezeichnet.
    Notes: Summary 16 non-autotrophic Chlorella strains were found to be auxotrophic (i.e., require thiamine). 14 of these strains are also mesotrophic (i.e., unable to utilize nitrate). Chlorella protothecoides Krüger (14 strains) does not contain hydrogenase, is unable to reduce nitrate, does not liquefy gelatin, does not synthesize secondary carotenoids when nitrogen is deficient, loses its chlorophyll when grown in the presence of glucose, and reaches its limit of growth at pH 3.5–4.0. The two other strains contain hydrogenase, are able to use nitrate as a source of nitrogen, do not liquefy gelatin, do not synthesize secondary carotenoids, do not lose their chlorophyll when grown in the presence of glucose, and reach their limit of growth at pH 4.5–5.0. They are designated as Chlorella VI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412039
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiologische und biochemische Beiträge zur Taxonomie der Gattung Chlorella (1972)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Verwendbarkeit von Acetat, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Saccharose und Lactose als Kohlenstoffquelle für das Wachstum von 72 Chlorella-Stämmen, die 10 autotrophen Taxa angehören, untersucht. Im Dunkeln zeigen mit Acetat 34 Stämme und mit Glucose 37 Stämme gutes Wachstum (Chlorella kessleri, die meisten Stämme von C. vulgaris und C. vulgaris f. tertia, sowie einige wenige Stämme von C. fusca), während Fructose von 21 Stämmen verwertet wird (C. kessleri, die meisten Stämme von C. luteoviridis und C. saccharophila, sowie einige Stämme von C. fusca und C. zofingiensis). Gutes Wachstum mit Galactose wurde bei 11 Stämmen gefunden (C. kessleri und einige Stämme von C. vulgaris). Saccharose und Lactose ermöglichen dagegen kein intensives Wachstum. Die Verwendbarkeit der 6 geprüften organischen Verbindungen für heterotrophes Wachstum ist als taxonomisches Merkmal zur Charakterisierung von Chlorella-Arten nicht geeignet. Lediglich Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková, die allgemein die ausgeprägteste Fähigkeit zu heterotrophem Wachstum besitzt, unterscheidet sich durch gute Verwertung von Galactose von den übrigen Arten.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of acetate, glucose, fructose, glactose, saccharose, and lactose as sources of carbon for growth in the dark of 72 Chlorella strains belonging to 10 autotrophic taxa was studied. 34 strains grow well with acetate and 37 strains with glucose (Chlorella kessleri, most strains of C. vulgaris and C. vulgaris f. tertia, and a few strains of C. fusca), and fructose is utilized by 21 strains (C. kessleri, most strains of C. luteoviridis and C. saccharophila, and some strains of C. fusca and C. zofingiensis). 11 strains show good growth with galactose (C. kessleri and some strains of C. vulgaris). Saccharose and lactose, on the other hand, do not support vigorous growth. Utilization of the 6 organic compounds cannot serve as a taxonomic character in the genus Chlorella. However, Chlorella kessleri Fott et Nováková shows the most pronounced ability for heterotrophic growth and differs in its good growth with galactose from the other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409297
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiologische und biochemische Beiträge zur Taxonomie der GattungChlorella (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 95 (1974), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Basenzusammensetzung der DNS von 88Chlorella-Stämmen weist sehr große Unterschiede auf. Der GC-Gehalt liegt im Bereich von 43–79%. Die verschiedenen Stämme eines Taxons zeigen jedoch im allgemeinen nur sehr geringe Differenzen, so daß sich die Basenzusammensetzung der DNS als wertvolles taxonomisches Merkmal erweist.Chlorella vulgaris f. tertia, die sich durch das Vorhandensein von Hydrogenase und Thermophilie von der morphologisch gleichenC. vulgaris var.vulgaris unterscheidet, kann auch hier klar abgegrenzt werden. Die Bedeutung einiger Abweichungen bei sonst physiologisch-biochemisch und morphologisch-cytologisch einheitlichen Stämmen wird diskutiert. Möglicherweise handelt es sich dabei um ein erstes Anzeichen für die beginnende herausbildung neuer Taxa.
    Notes: Summary The base composition of the DNA isolated from 88 strains of the genusChlorella was found to show large differences. The GC content is between 43 and 79%. In most cases, however, there is very little variation between different strains of the same taxon. Thus the base composition of DNA can serve as a valuable taxonomic character.Chlorella vulgaris f. tertia, which contains hydrogenase and is thermophilic, can be clearly separated from the morphologically identicalC. vulgaris var. vulgaris. The significance of a few cases of considerable differences between otherwise physiologically and morphologically identical strains in the base composition of their DNA is discussed. It might indicate a beginning tendency towards the formation of new taxa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02451772
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus prototheca (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Prototheca ; Chlorella ; Hydrogenase ; Acid tolerance ; Salt tolerance ; Sodium chloride ; Thermophily ; Gelatin liquefaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five physiological and biochemical characters, which had proved to be valuable for the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella, were studied in the genus Prototheca. There is no hydrogenase activity and no liquefaction of gelatin. Most strains are very acidtolerant (limit of growth at pH 2.0 or 2.5) and very salt-tolerant (limit of growth at 4 or 5% NaCl). Two strains grow well at 38°C. The 16 strains, which were previously assigned to seven taxa, fall into four different groups. Our results tend to support the assumption that Prototheca might be related to Chlorella protothecoides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428593
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Chlorella ; DNA hybridization ; DNA homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. DNA homology was studied in 12 Chlorella species. The DNA of 88 strains was hybridized with 3H-labelled DNA from C. fusca var. vacuolata 211-8b and from C. vulgaris 211-8m. The results indicate that the genus Chlorella is a heterogenous taxon which consists of several groups of species. 2. The “C. fusca group” comprises C. fusca var. vacuolata, C. fusca var. rubescens, and C. zofingiensis. Within this group, C. zofingiensis appears to be more closely related to C. fusca var. vacuolata than is C. fusca var. rubescens. C. fusca var. fusca does not belong to this group of taxa. 3. The “C. vulgaris group” consists of C. vulgaris, C. sorokiniana, and C. saccharophila. There are several strains which seem to assume a position intermediate between C. vulgaris and C. saccharophila. C. protothecoides is not related to this group of species. 4. Several groups of strains of C. sorokiniana with different base compositions (guanine + cytosine content) of their DNA appear to belong to the same taxon. 5. In addition to C. fusca var. fusca and C. protothecoides, also C. luteoviridis, C. minutissima, C. kessleri, and C. homosphaera seem to have so little relationship with the other species that their assignment to the genus Chlorella appears questionable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408739
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 11-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biochemical taxonomy ; Ankistrodesmus ; Monoraphidium ; Scenedesmus ; Starch hydrolysis ; Amylase ; Extracellular enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 17 Ankistrodesmus strains studied do not produce extracellular amylolytic enzymes. 20 out of 28 Scenedesmus strains, however, are able to hydrolyse starch. The groups of strains previously characterized physiologically and biochemically were assigned to established species of the genera Ankistrodesmus (including Monoraphidium) and Scenedesmus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421885
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