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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on neuronal activity in the periaqueductal grey matter of the rat (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 108 (1996), S. 382-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Iontophoresis ; 3 morpholino sydnonimin hydrochloride ; S-nitroso glutathione ; Periaqueductal grey matter ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out in urethane-anaesthetized rats to examine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on neuronal activity within the dorsolateral sector of the midbrain periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), an area which is rich in NO synthesizing neurones. NADPH dependent diaphorase histochemistry revealed small NO synthase containing perikarya, 15.4±3.1 μm (mean±SEM) in diameter, in a longitudinal column in the dorsolateral sector of the PAG. The labelled cell bodies were surrounded by a dense meshwork of stained fibres and processes in which unlabelled neurones were embedded. In order to establish whether NO was generated when NO donors were ejected iontophoretically from micropipettes, a chemiluminescence method was used to estimate the output of NO in vitro after iontophoresis of two chemically different classes of NO donor: the sydnonimine 3 morpholino sydnonimin hydrochloride (SIN 1) and the nitrosothiol S nitroso glutathione (SNOG). Iontophoresis of both NO donors into 200 μl aliquots of 165 mM NaCl using ejection currents between 6000 and 18000 nA·min produced a current related increase in the concentration of NO. Iontophoresis of SIN 1 in vivo produced a reproducible, current related inhibition of firing in 40 of 59 neurones in the dorsolateral PAG. In 8 of 10 neurones the effect of SIN 1 was significantly reduced after iontophoresis of methylene blue (10–30 nA for 2.7–5 min). The inhibition took up to 7 min to develop and lasted for up to 13 min. Inhibitory responses to GABA were not affected by methylene blue. Iontophoresis of SNOG also inhibited ongoing activity of 18 of 24 neurones tested in the PAG. The experiments demonstrate firstly that NO donors can be used in vivo to deliver NO in the vicinity of neurones by iontophoresis from micropipettes. Secondly, NO appears to inhibit neuronal activity within the PAG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227261
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Drugs on Conditioning and Habituation to Arousal Stimuli in Animals (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 1517-1519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It is clear that in any comparative study of the changes produced by drugs in the behavioural and electrocortical arousal reaction evoked by repeated sensory timulation, we must take into consideration the normal processes which occur simultaneously.For example, in the present study the thresholds ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1821517a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Chlorpromazine and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on the Rate of Habituation of the Arousal Response (1961)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 190 (1961), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It may be that the effect of chlorpromazine on arousal responses and conditioned avoidance behaviour is due not to an all-or-nothing blocking of the responses but to an increased rate of negative learning or habituation. Conversely, LSD 25 may interfere selectively with this latter process, thereby ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/190275a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of Behaviour with Changes in Amplitude of Cortical Potentials evoked during Habituation by Auditory Stimuli (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 207 (1965), S. 441-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In order to study this question more fully, experiments have been carried out using five cat preparations with chronically implanted cortical recording electrodes. During the experiments the animals were housed in a soundproofed cubicle and observations of behaviour were made by means of a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/207441a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chlorpromazine on the interaction between phasic and tonic electrocortical arousal mechanisms (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Arousal ; Chlorpromazine ; Habituation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of chlorpromazine on the rate of habituation of phasic arousal responses has been studied in cats carrying permanently implanted cortical recording electrodes. In the sleeping animal repeated presentation of an auditory stimulus (1 sec duration, 3000 Hz) at intensities which only produced a localised, phasic electrocortical change in the auditory cortex, resulted in the rapid habituation of this latter response. Once habituation had occurred the intensity of the stimulus was increased until a similar change in electrocortical activity once again appeared in the auditory cortex. The habituation procedure was then repeated. In this way it was possible to habituate the animal gradually to successively higher intensities of auditory stimulation without ever inducing behavioural arousal or tonic, generalised changes in electrocortical activity. Indeed, it was possible to reach a level of stimulation which previously would have induced overt behavioural effects and tonic arousal. It may be concluded that alterations in the activity of the mechanisms responsible for phasic electrocortical responses leads to changes in the responsiveness of the animal even during sleep. Following chlorpromazine phasic electrocortical responses were still elicited but their rate of habituation was significantly increased. Thus the overall effect of chlorpromazine was a marked shortening in the time taken to “train” the animal while still asleep, not to respond behaviourally or with tonic electrocortical changes to a particular auditory stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421007
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of drugs on discrimination and sensory generalisation of auditory stimuli in cats (1961)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 2 (1961), S. 352-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and chlorpromazine have been studied on generalisation and discrimination of auditory stimuli. LSD 25 (15 μg/kg) produced a significant decrease in the rate of extinction of a conditioned avoidance response and, although not modifying the degree to which the conditioned response was generalised to other, novel auditory stimuli, elicited a marked effect on the number of tones capable of evoking barrier crossing responses. LSD 25 also appeared to block a conditioned auditory discrimination response which had been established by reinforcing only one of the tones, but failed to exert any significant effect on a similar response taught by reinforcing both tones. Chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg) produced rapid extinction of conditioned and generalised responses without altering the gradient of generalisation. The number of tones capable of evoking avoidance responses, however, was significantly reduced. A possible explanation of these results has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404123
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of drugs on conditioning and habituation to arousal stimuli in animals (1960)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 1 (1960), S. 450-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a number of drugs on conditioned and unconditioned arousal responses (behavioural and electroencephalographic) produced by auditory stimuli in cats are reported. Positive conditioning was achieved by pairing certain auditory stimuli with a painful stimulus (electric shock). Chlorpromazine increased thresholds for both conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and eventually blocked arousal responses completely. Reserpine, which had a delayed effect, caused only a slight rise in the conditioned response but blocked the unconditioned response although this latter effect may have been in part due to habituation. Amphetamine caused a fall in the threshold for unconditioned arousal responses but did not change that for conditioned responses. However, these thresholds could no longer be assessed when doses which produced full alerting were used. LSD 25 also caused a fall in the threshold for arousal to unconditioned stimulus and no change in the conditioned response, but it restored the response to a stimulus which had previously been habituated. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis for the sites of action of these drugs in the brain which has been expounded previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429270
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of LSD-25 on the interaction between conditioned and non-conditioned stimuli in a simple avoidance situation (1964)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 6 (1964), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distractive influence of a series of tonal pips presented simultaneously with a visual conditioning stimulus was assessed using the time taken to carry out the simple conditioned avoidance response as a measure of the interaction between the conditioned and non-conditioned stimuli. Presentation of the tonal pips at three different levels of intensity induced a lengthening of response time, which was potentiated by 10 and 20μg/kg i.p. of LSD-25. When the conditioning stimulus was presented alone, however, a decrease in response time occurred after the drug had been given. The introduction of the auditory stimulus also produced a slight increase in the number of incorrect responses. Again LSD-25, at both dose levels, potentiated the change and induced an increase in the number of failures. The effect produced by LSD-25 on the response time for a simple conditioned avoidance response, therefore, appears to depend upon the presence or absence of stimuli other than used in the conditioning procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404242
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in the generalisation of visual stimuli induced by lysergic acid diethylamide in cats (1964)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 6 (1964), S. 327-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats were trained to carry out avoidance behaviour on the presentation of a visual stimulus. The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide and amphetamine were then tested on the rate of extincition of the conditioned response and responses evoked through generalisation by other visual stimuli which had not been used previously in the training procedure and which differed from the conditioned stimulus only in intensity. LSD-25 in doses of 10 and 20 μg/kg i.p. produced a significant increase in the number of generalised and conditioned responses without effecting the gradient of generalisation. A smaller dose of 5 μg/kg increased the number of generalised responses without modifying that of the conditioned response. At all three dose levels LSD-25 increased the amount of generalisation, that is the total number of visual stimuli capable of eliciting responses, either by producing upward displacement of the graph of generalisation of extinction or in the lower dose ranges by altering the gradient of the graph. Amphetamine produced an increase in the number of conditioned responses and a relatively smaller rise in the number of responses evoked through generalisation. At each dose level there was a change in the gradient of generalisation but only after 1.0 mg/kg i.p. did the amount of generalisation alter significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404243
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