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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect on Mn2+ on permeability properties of frog skin (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 359 (1975), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Effect of Manganese Ion ; Frog Skin ; Transmural Potential Difference ; Short-Circuit Current ; Sodium Fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mn2+ added to the inner bathing solution of frog skin caused a transient increase in potential difference (PD) and a decrease in total skin conductance and mannitol influx. Net Na flux and short-circuit current (Is. c.) were also reduced, the isotopic net flux being reduced more than Is. c. This observed discrepancy appears to be the result of Cl− retention in the outer medium since it was not observed when the skin was bathed in a sulfate-substituted chloridefree solution. The effect of Mn2+ on the inner side of the frog skin appears to be due to a reduced permeation of Na+ and Cl− through the outer barrier of the skin. Addition of Mn2+ to the outer solution bathing the frog skin caused an increase in PD and a smaller increase in Is. c. These changes were not associated with alterations in the fluxes of Na+ or mannitol and were observed only when chloride was present in the bathing solutions. The effect of Mn2+ on this side of the frog skin may therefore be due to a net retention of Cl− in the outer solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581277
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular bicarbonate in single skeletal muscle fibers (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 349 (1974), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Bicarbonate Microelectrode ; Intracellular Bicarbonate ; Cell Bicarbonate ; Muscle Cell Bicarbonate ; Cell pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the first direct potentiometric determination of intracellular bicarbonate concentration. The new method involves the use of a double-barrelled HCO3 −-selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrode that permits the simultaneous determination of intracellular [HCO3 −] and membrane PD of single cells. The mean in situ intracellular [HCO3 −] of single striated muscle fibers was 4.4±0.3 mM/l in the frog and 12.6±0.6 mM in the rat. Both values are inconsistent with a Donnan equilibrium distribution and can be accounted for by an active HCO3 − influx or an active H+ efflux. During progressive acute hypercapnia there is an accumulative build-up of intracellular bicarbonate in rat skeletal muscle. The increase in intracellular [HCO3 −] with hypercapnia is strictly proportional to the associated increase in plasma [HCO3 −], thus maintaining a constant ratio of extracellular: intracellular [HCO3 −]. Using the directly measured [HCO3 −] in cell water, we calculate a cell pH of 7.00 for frog fibers and of 7.14 for rat fibers, both values being about 1.1 pH units on the alkaline side of those predicted for a Donnan equilibrium distribution of H+ ions across the cell membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588414
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single unit microelectrode with a glass seal and a microhole (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 345 (1973), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ion-Selective Microelectrodes ; pH Glass Microelectrode ; Single Unit Microelectrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is presented for the construction, calibration and utilization of a single unit ion-selective microelectrode of the internal capillary configuration. The microelectrode is ideally suited for in situ applications. The microelectrode capacity can be made as small as 10 nanoliters. It is superior to previously constructed microelectrode cells in that it combines the ion-selective and the reference electrodes into one physical unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586339
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A single unit pH glass ultramicro electrode (1967)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 294 (1967), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single unit glass ultramicro electrode can measure the pH of a sample of less than 0.05 μl in volume. The single unit electrode is advantageous in in vivo micropuncture work. It eliminates the need for double penetration of the tissue with both the indicator and the reference electrode. The physical combination of the glass indicator half-cell with the reference half-cell permits the pair to establish contact with the solution at almost the same point, thus avoiding the incorporation of spatial potentials not due to cationic activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363114
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium in the rat kidney proximal tubules in situ: Determination by K+-selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 322 (1971), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Potassium Microelectrode ; Liquid Ion-Exchange Microelectrode ; Proximal Tubule Potassium ; Kalium-Mikroelektrode ; Flüssigkeits-Ionenaustausch-Mikroelektrode ; Kalium in proximalen Tubuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraluminal K+ concentration in the rat kidney proximal tubule was measured in situ by means of K+-selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes. By virtue of its independence of sampling techniques, the in situ measurement is more accurate in dealing with fluids flowing through microtubular structures. Using K+-selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes it was observed that the K+ concentration falls along the length of the proximal convoluted tubule. The mean (TF/P) K concentration ratio of 0.89±0.01 for the first convolution is significantly greater (p〈0.001) than the mean ratio of 0.81±0.01 for the last convolution of the proximal tubule. A description is given of the construction and calibration of the K+-selective microelectrode with a new liquid ion-exchanger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586663
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular potassium in cells of the distal tubule (1972)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 335 (1972), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Potassium Microelectrode ; Liquid Ion-Exchange Microelectrode ; Intracellular Potassium ; Kidney Cell Potassium ; Distal Tubule Cell Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a new double-barreled K+-selective liquid ion-exchange micro-electrode effective intracellular [K+] and the peritubular PD were measured simultaneously in single cells of the distal tubule of the rat kidney. The transepithelial PD was measured in the same kidney. A mean [K+] of 46.5±1.6 mM was obtained in the distal tubule cells of normal rats. The effective intracellular [K+] increased significantly to 60.5±2.1 mM with chronic K+ loading and to 51.5±0.9 mM with metabolic alkalosis, and decreased significantly to 36.5±2.6 mM with chronic K+ depletion and to 38.7±1.4 mM with metabolic acidosis. The luminal membrane PD was depolarized in the kaliuretic states of K+ loading and alkalosis and hyperpolarized in the kaliupenic states of K+ depletion and acidosis. Thus the summation of the observed chemical and electrical driving forces between the cellular and luminal compartments could quantitatively account for the passive entry of K+ into the lumen of the distal tubule under the different metabolic states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586220
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal capillary glass microelectrodes with a glass seal for pH, sodium and potassium (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Electrode, Glass, Micro ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Sodium Analysis, Electrode ; Potassium Analysis ; Electrode ; Potentiometric Analysis ; Elektrode, Glas, Mikro ; Wasserstoffionenkonzentration ; Natriumanalyse, Elektrode ; Kaliumanalyse, Elektrode ; Potentiometrische Analyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A description is given of the construction and utilization of glass ultramicro electrodes of the internal capillary suction-type that employ a glass-to-glass seal. These electrodes are capable of measuring pH, sodium or potassium on samples of fluid as small as 0.01 μL in volume. They are useful in measuring ionic concentrations of biological fluids both in vivo and in vitro. The characterization and the performance of the microelectrodes is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362734
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical potentials of potassium in proximal renal tubule of rat (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 346 (1974), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Potassium Microelectrode ; Liquid Ion-Exchange Microelectrode ; Intracellular Potassium ; Kidney Cell Potassium ; Proximal Tubule Cell Potassium ; Rat Proximal Tubule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of double-barreled K+ selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes, the electrical potential differences across individual cell membranes were determined simultaneously with the K+ concentration in single cellular elements of the proximal tubular epithelium of the rat. Proximal tubular fluid [K+] and plasma [K+] were also determined electrometrically. Thin cortical slices of the rat kidney analyzed by flame photometry yielded a mean [K+] of 136.3±4.2 mM per kg cell water. This electrometric study yielded a mean intracellular [K+] of 54.4±2.5 mM, a value which is about 1/3 of the total K+ content of proximal tubule cells. The electrometric mean proximal tubule fluid (second half) [K+] was 3.7±0.1 mM while plasma [K+] was 4.3±0.1 mM, yielding a fluid/plasma concentration ratio of 0.85±0.02. The calculated K+ equilibrium potentials (E K )across the two individual from their respective measured membrane electrical PDs. This signifies that K+ exhibits an electrochemical equilibrium distribution across the luminal and peritubular cell boundaries of the proximal tubular epithelium. Thus it is no longer necessary to postulate the presence of an active K+ pump in either the luminal or peritubular cell membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00596187
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular bicarbonate in single cells of Necturus kidney proximal tubule (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 349 (1974), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Bicarbonate Microelectrode ; Intracellular Bicarbonate ; Cell Bicarbonate ; Kidney Cell Bicarbonate ; Kidney Cell pH ; Proximal Tubule Cell Bicarbonate ; Necturus Maculosus Proximal Tubule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intracellular bicarbonate concentration in the cytoplasmic water of kidney cells of Necturus was determined by means of double-barreled HCO3 −-selective liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes. These microelectrodes permit the simultaneous determination of intracellular HCO3 − and membrane PD of single cells. The fact that these double-barreled microelectrodes yielded a normal peritubular cell membrane electrical PD (70 m V) may be taken as evidence against any significant cellular damage by the electrodes. This electrometric study yielded a mean intracellular [HCO3 −] in single proximal tubule cells of Necturus of 11.1±0.6 mM, a value which is more than an order of magnitude higher than that predicted for a Donnan-type electrochemical equilibrium distribution of HCO3 − ions. Thus there is a net electrochemical gradient favoring the passive efflux of HCO3 − ions across both individual cell membranes. The movement of HCO3 − ions from cell-to-interstitium would contribute to the renal acidification function. Across the luminal cell membrane the two possible mechanisms are either active reabsorption (lumen-to-cell) of HCO3 − ions as such or active H+ secretion (cell-to-lumen). Our directly measured relatively high intracellular [HCO3 −] and the associated calculated relatively alkaline kidney cell pH of 7.44 are both more consistent with the H+ secretion hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588415
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