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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Renovaskuläre Hypertonie ; Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key Words: Renovascular hypertension ; Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Renovascular hypertension as a secondary form of hypertension can be improved or cured in many cases by interventional radiology or vascular surgery. Basis: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the development of hypertension are linked in renovascular hypertension. Clinical Appearance: Early clinical symptoms are of special interest in diagnosing renovascular hypertension. Diagnosis and Therapy: Nowadays, angioplasty or stenting have mostly replaced surgery in view of treatment of renovascular hypertension. Conclusion: Renovascular hypertension, if diagnosed early, can be improved or cured in many cases regarding hypertension and/or renal insufficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Der renovaskulären Hypertonie kommt besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie als sekundäre Hypertonieform durch interventionell-radiologische oder gefäßchirurgische Maßnahmen in vielen Fällen erfolgreich therapierbar und zum Teil auch heilbar ist. Grundlagen: Die Entstehung einer renovaskulären Hypertonie ist ursä,chlich mit dem Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System verknüpft. Klinik: Klinische Hinweise bzw. Krankheitszustände sind von großer Bedeutung für die frühzeitige klinische Verdachtsdiagnose einer renovaskulären Hypertonie. Diagnostik und Therapie: Eine renovaskuläre Hypertonie kann interventionell-radiologisch (Angioplastie oder Stentversorgung), chirurgisch oder medikamentös therapiert werden. Schlußfolgerung: Eine renovaskuläre Hypertonie kann bei frühzeitiger Diagnosestellung unter den Gesichtspunkten Hypertonie und Niereninsuffizienz in vielen Fällen geheilt oder gebessert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Niereninsuffizienz ; Arterielle Distensibilität ; Endothelfunktion ; Intima-Media-Dicke ; Arterielle Hypertonie ; Hyperparathyreoidismus ; Key Words: Renal failure ; Arterial distensibility ; Endothelial function ; Intima-media thickness ; Hypertension ; Hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Cardiovascular events are the main cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease. Functional and structural alterations of the arterial system substantially contribute to the high cardiovascular mortality in these patients. Structural alterations of the arterial wall comprise intima-media thickening and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Moreover, mechanical vessel wall properties of large arteries are significantly disturbed. This is already observed in young patients. Reduced arterial distensibility impairs large artery cushioning function. This results in increased ventricular afterload promoting left ventricular hypertrophy and in reduced coronary perfusion. After renal transplantation, structural alterations of the arterial wall and disturbed mechanical vessel wall properties persist. Moreover, renal failure is characterized by a severe impairment of endothelial function. Disturbed endothelial function results from reduced production of endothelium-dependent endogenous vasodilators and/or blunted vascular effects of these substances. Uremia is associated with the accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Impaired endothelial function in renal failure promotes the progression of structural lesions of the arterial wall. Also in renal transplant recipients, substantially impaired endothelial function is observed despite correction of uremia. Hyperparathyroidism commonly observed in renal failure contributes to the disturbed functional vessel wall properties of large arteries. In patients with end-stage renal disease, decreased large artery distensibility is an independent risk factor for increased cardiovascular mortality. This may apply also to intima-media thickening and to impaired endothelial function.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen sind die häufigste Todesursache bei Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz und auch nach Nierentransplantation. Diese hohe kardiovaskuläre Mortalität beruht im wesentlichen auf funktionellen und strukturellen Alterationen arterieller Gefäße. Bei Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz bestehen deutliche strukturelle Wandveränderungen großer Arterien im Sinne eines verdickten Intima-Media-Komplexes und atherosklerotischer Plaquebildung. Außerdem sind die elastischen Eigenschaften der großen Arterien deutlich eingeschrä,nkt, was bereits bei jungen Patienten nachweisbar ist. Die verminderte arterielle Dehnbarkeit führt zu einer Abnahme der Windkesselfunktion, wodurch einerseits die Nachlast des Herzens gesteigert und die Entwicklung einer linksventrikulä,ren Hypertrophie begünstigt werden und andererseits die Koronardurchblutung abnimmt. Auch nach Nierentransplantation bestehen die strukturellen Gefäßwandveränderungen und die Störungen der mechanischen Gefäßwandeigenschaften fort. Des weiteren wird bei terminaler Niereninsuffizienz eine hochgradige Einschränkung der Endothelfunktion beobachtet. Die Störung der Endothelfunktion ist dadurch charakterisiert, daß endothelabhängige vasodilatatorische Substanzen nicht mehr gebildet werden können und/oder daß die Wirkung dieser Substanzen an den glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen abgeschwächt ist. Bei Urämie akkumuliert ein endogener Inhibitor der endothelialen Stickstoffoxidsynthase. Die gestörte Endothelfunktion trägt zum Fortschreiten struktureller atherosklerotischer Gefäßwandveränderungen bei. Auch bei nierentransplantierten Patienten läßt sich trotz guter Transplantatfunktion eine hochgradige Endothelfunktionsstörung nachweisen. Ein bei terminaler Niereninsuffizienz und nach Nierentransplantation häufig nachweisbarer Hyperparathyreoidismus trägt zu den gestörten funktionellen Gefäßwandeigenschaften bei. Bei Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz ist die herabgesetzte Dehnbarkeit großer Arterien ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für eine erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Mortalität. Möglicherweise trifft dies auch für die Intima-Media-Verdickung und die gestörte Endothelfunktion zu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Benigne rekurrierende intrahepatische Cholestase ; Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup ; Key Words Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis ; Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: The benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is an autosomal recessively inherited liver disease. The gene was mapped to a region on chromosome 18q21-22. Because of its rareness this disease is first considered in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis after many years of extensive investigations. Case Report: We report about a 17-year-old patient, who suffered from intermittent attacks of cholestatic jaundice and pruritus. Clinical course, laboratory data and invasive investigations led to the diagnosis of a typical case of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome). Conclusion: This disease is remarkable for a discrepancy between a rise of serum bile acids at the onset of each attack and a later rise of bilirubin. Typically high bilirium levels are noted, and bilirubin can even reach more than 50 mg/dl. The serum alkaline phosphatase is increased, too, whereas the values for the transaminases and γGT are normal or only slightly elevated. Histological studies reveal a cholestasis, bile plugs in the bile canaliculi, a perilobular fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrations of the periportal zones. Differential diagnosis includes an abundance of diseases with cholestasis. Treatment is difficult, purely symptomatic and often without marked effect. Nevertheless prognosis is good, histories of about 50 years were without evidence of progression to cirrhosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die benigne rezidivierende intrahepatische Cholestase ist eine autosomal rezessiv vererbte Erkrankung, deren Genlokus auf dem Chromosom 18q21-22 liegt. Aufgrund ihrer Seltenheit wird sie erst spät nach jahrelangem Verlauf und umfangreichen Untersuchungen in die Differentialdiagnostik einer Cholestase miteinbezogen. Fallbericht: Wir berichten über eine 17jährige Patientin mit rezidivierenden Attacken einer Cholestase, verbunden mit ausgeprägtem Pruritus und Ikterus. Der klinische Verlauf, die Laborbefunde und die invasive Diagnostik erbrachten die Diagnose eines typischen Falles der benignen rekurrierenden intrahepatischen Cholestase (Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup-Syndrom). Schlußfolgerung: Bei dieser Erkrankung fällt laborchemisch eine Diskrepanz zwischen einer Erhöhung der Gallensäuren und einem erst späteren Bilirubinanstieg auf. Typischerweise finden sich sehr hohe Bilirubinwerte bis zu über 50 mg/dl und erhöhte Werte der alkalischen Phosphatase bei nicht oder nur mäßig erhöhten Werten für die Transaminasen und γGt. Die Leberhistologie zeigt eine ausgeprägte Cholestase mit Gallenthromben in den Gallencanaliculi und zum Teil eine perilobuläre Fibrose und entzündliche Infiltrate der Portalfelder. Differentialdiagnostisch kommt eine Vielzahl von mit Cholestase einhergehenden Erkrankungen in Frage. Die therapeutische Beeinflussung ist schwierig, ausschließlich symptomatisch und häufig ohne wesentlichen Erfolg. Trotzdem ist der Verlauf gutartig. Langzeitverläufe bis zu 50 Jahren konnten keinen progredienten Leberschaden mit Übergang in eine Zirrhose belegen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The international journal of angiology 4 (1995), S. 41-43 
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of the new ACE-inhibitor ramipril in the treatment of hypertension is well established, but there is no experience with the use of ramipril in hypertensive renal recipients. In the present study, the efficacy and safety of the antihypertensive therapy with ramipril was examined in 10 untreated, hypertensive, renal transplant recipients with stable transplant function. For control, 10 age- an sex-matched renal transplant patients receiving conventional antihypertensive treatment with a Ca2+ channel blocker and/or diuretic were followed. Starting with 2.5 mg/day, the dose of Ramipril was increased to 5 mg and 10 mg at intervals of 5 days as long as diastolic blood pressure dropped below 90 mmHg. Twentyfour-hour blood pressure monitoring was performed before, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after ramipril therapy. Twentyfour-hour blood pressure was 155.8±7.1/96.1 ±3.0 mmHg before the Ramipril therapy and dropped to 147.6±3.73/87.5±3.1 mmHg after 2 weeks 140.6 ±5.4/84.5±2.4 mmHg after 6 weeks, and 138.5±5.7/83. 1±3.1 mmHg after 12 weeks of therapy. In the control group, the effect of antihypertensive treatment was not significantly different. The renal transplant function improved during the therapy with ramipril. The cyclosporin A level did not change significantly during the therapy, [cyclosporin A (HPLC) 101.4±15.9 g/l before, 98.3±15.7 g/l after 2 weeks, 94.8±13.1 g/l after 6 weeks, and 96.2±12.3 g/l after 12 weeks of ramipril therapy]. No anemia was induced by the therapy with ramipril. The potassium remained unchanged before, 2,6, and 12 weeks after the treatment with ramipril. The results show that ramipril is a safe and efficient drug for treating hypertension in renal transplant recipients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Noninvasive studies have shown that arterial compliance decreases with age before leveling out at about 60 years. To investigate the effect of age on arterial compliance in patients with end-stage renal failure, arterial compliance of the common carotid artery was determined in 25 normotensive, renal transplanted patients (22–60 years) 6–12 weeks after transplantation and in 25 healthy controls (21–64 years). A multigate Doppler system was used to measure the vessel wall movements of the common carotid artery and blood pressure was recorded by finger-plethysmography. The distensibility and the cross-sectional compliance of the common carotid artery was significantly lower in the renal transplant group than in the healthy controls (p〈0.01). In both groups there was a significant decrease of arterial distensibility with increasing age (p〈0.01). The decrease of distensibility with increasing age was more pronounced in the renal transplant group when compared with the healthy controls. Normal arterial aging processes may be accelerated in end-stage renal failure and could contribute to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of patients with end-stage renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The international journal of angiology 5 (1996), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A method to determine total Mg2+ content in lymphocytes was developed, offering advantages for routine measurements as compared to fluorescence methods. Intracellular Mg2+ measurements were performed in lymphocytes of 16 normotensive, 20 essential hypertensive, 15 renal hypertensive patients (patients with a chronic glomerulonephritis), and 10 normotensive, renal insufficient patients. Mg2+ content was referred to lymphocytic protein, which was determined according to Bradford's method. Mg2+ measurements were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy using an electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscope. The results show that in patients with essential hypertension, intralymphocytic Mg2+ content is significantly lower (0.07±0.04 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± SD) compared with controls (0.11±0.03 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± SD,p〈0.05). In renal hypertensive patients, intracellular Mg2+ concentrations are significantly increased compared with normotensive or essential hypertensive patients (0.35±0.10 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± SD,p〈0.05). In the normotensive renal insufficient group, intracellular Mg2+ concentrations were measured (0.37±0.05 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± SD being significantly increased compared to the normotensive or hypertensive group (p〈0.05). There was no significant difference between the renal insufficient group with and without arterial hypertension. In plasma Mg2+ concentrations there was no significant difference in the four groups of patients. Furthermore, this method also seems suitable for routine measurements of cellular Mg2+ concentrations in even larger groups of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The international journal of angiology 4 (1995), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypomagnesemia can cause ventricular tachycardia, cardiac necrosis, or torsades de pointes. Diuretic treatment can result in Mg2+ depletion, as many diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of filtered Mg2+ in the proximal or distal tubule. As plasma Mg2+ constitutes only about 3% of total body Mg2+ stores, intracellular Mg2+ determinations may be more useful for assessing total body Mg2+ content. Therefore we studied the effect of a thiazide diuretic (trichlormethiazide 4 mg/day), a combination of a thiazide and a potassium-sparing diuretic (trichlormethiazide and amiloride 2 mg/day each), and the loop diuretic piretanide (6 mg/day) on intracellular Mg2+ in patients with mild essential hypertension before and after 6 and 10 weeks of therapy. Mg2+ measurements were performed in blood plasma and in red blood cells by atomic absorption spectroscopy, using a Video 12 apparatus. There was a significant decrease in intracellular Mg2+ content under trichlormethiazide therapy (p〈0.05). Furthermore, our results show that diuretic treatment with a combination of a thiazide and a potassium-sparing diuretic or with the loop diuretic piretanide may have the advantage of avoiding intracellular Mg2+ depletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Whereas in blood cells decreased magnesium concentrations and increased sodium concentrations in essential hypertension have often been described, only sparse data exist on cellular magnesium or sodium content in vascular smooth muscle cells. Therefore, in aortic smooth muscle cells from seven spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Münster strain and seven normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), the intracellular magnesium and sodium content were measured by electron-probe X-ray microanalysis. Measurements were performed in aortic cryosections 3 µm thick. The magnesium ion content was 0.93±0.17 g/kg dry weight in SHR vs 1.14±0.12 g/kg dry weight in WKY (p〈0.05). Vascular smooth muscle sodium ion content was measured at 6.85±0.59 g/kg dry weight in WKY and 12.47±1.62 g/kg dry weight in SHR (p〈0.05). In conclusion, aortic smooth muscle cells from SHR are characterized by a markedly lowered intracellular magnesium ion content and increased sodium ion concentrations compared with normotensive cells. The results may be due to genetically determined disturbances in transmembrane magnesium and sodium ion transport. Cellular magnesium and sodium handling may be disturbed in SHR aortic smooth muscle as it is in hypertensive blood cells.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The international journal of angiology 8 (1999), S. 154-156 
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new method to determine total Mg++ content in lymphocytes was developed, offering advantages for routine measurements as compared to fluorescence methods. Intracellular total Mg++ measurements were performed in lymphocytes of 18 healthy subjects and 19 untreated essential hypertensive patients. Mg++ content was referred to lymphocytic and membrane protein, which was determined according to Bradford's method. Mg++ measurements were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a Video 12 apparatus of Thermo Electron Instrumentation Laboratory, Andover, USA. The results show that in patients with essential hypertension total intralymphocytic Mg++ content is significantly lower (0.07±0.05 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± s.d.) as compared to controls (0.11±0.04 mmol/g lymphocytic protein, mean ± s.d., p〈0.05). Free intracellular Mg++ content was measured in lymphocytes by the fluorescent indicator mag-fura-II, showing no significant differences in normotensives and hypertensives (0.30±0.16 versus 0.38±0.17 mmol/l). Additionally, in platelets free intracellular Mg++ concentrations were not found of significant difference in normotensives and hypertensives (0.52±0.23 versus 0.47±0.27 mmol/l) using mag-fura-II. In plasma Mg++ concentrations there was no significant difference in the normotensive and hypertensive group (0.92±0.07 versus 0.88±0.07 mmol/l). There was no correlation between plasma or free or total cellular magnesium concentrations in both groups. Furthermore this method seems also suitable for routine measurements of total intracellular Mg++ concentrations in even larger measurements like mag-fur-II. Lowered total intracellular Mg++ concentrations in a subgroup of primary hypertensives may contribute to the development of this disorder, perhaps due to different buffering systems.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Parathormon ; Gefäßwand ; Arterielle Distensibilität ; Endothelfunktion ; Intima-Media-Dicke ; Arterielle Hypertonie ; Key Words: Parathyroid hormone ; Arterial distensibility ; Intima-media thickness ; Vessel wall properties ; Endothelial function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Alterations of arterial vessel wall function are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and can be measured by noninvasive ultrasound techniques. There is increasing evidence that hyperparathyroidism contributes not only to structural changes of the cardiovascular system but to disturbances in functional arterial vessel wall properties. It has been shown that elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone are associated with decreased arterial distensibility and increased intima-media thickness in patients with renal insufficiency. A permissive role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of uremic vessel wall changes has been discussed. The endothelium is a newly recognized target organ of parathyroid hormone. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated, that seems to be reversible after parathyroidectomy. Effects on arterial vessel wall function may contribute to increased blood pressure observed in hyperparathyroidism. The complex cardiovascular effects of parathyroid hormone and changes in vascular tone, arterial distensibility and endothelial function in hyperparathyroidism are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Funktionelle Veränderungen der arteriellen Gefäßwand spielen für das kardiovaskuläre Risiko eine wichtige Rolle und lassen sich mittels moderner Ultraschalltechniken nichtinvasiv messen. Neuere Studien zeigen, daß Parathormon eine Reihe komplexer Effekte auf das kardiovaskuläre System hat und neben Strukturveränderungen der Gefäßwand insbesondere den Tonus und die Dehnbarkeit großer Arterien beeinflußt. So konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei niereninsuffizienten Patienten erhöhte Parathormonkonzentrationen mit einer Verminderung der arteriellen Distensibilität und einer Zunahme der Intima-Media-Dicke einhergehen. Ein permissiver Effekt des Parathormons für die Gefäßwandveränderungen bei Urämie wird diskutiert. Das Endothel ist ein neu erkanntes Zielorgan des Parathormons. Bei Patienten mit primären Hyperparathyreoidismus wurde eine endotheliale Dysfunktion nachgewiesen, die nach Parathyreoidektomie reversibel ist. Möglicherweise tragen die Effekte auf die funktionellen Gefäßwandeigenschaften zur blutdrucksteigernden Wirkung des Parathormons bei. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick ü,ber die kardiovaskulären Effekte des Parathormons und geht insbesondere auf Veränderungen der Struktur, des Tonus, der Distensibilitä,t großer Arterien und der Endothelfunktion ein.
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