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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 5 (1998), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Schlagwort(e): composite ; failure ; failure initiation ; thickness discontinuity ; combined loading
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Failure initiation of laminated composites at a thickness discontinuity is studied experimentally with the aid of an optical microscope under combined loading of tension, transverse shear and bending, making use of three- and four-point bending arrangements. Because transverse shear produced relatively small effects in failure initiation, results are presented as tension-bending interactions. Two loading frames for three- and four-point bending were designed to apply moment and tension simultaneously to produce failure by generating a ply crack; this initiation was evaluated by finite element analysis using ABAQUS. For cross-plies bounding the interface at the base of the step it is found that a maximum strain criterion applied to the continuing (long) ply describes the failure initiation. Ultimate failure resulted at loads on the order of 25 to 35% than those at failure initiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 63 (1993), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A new way of obtaining a constant stress intensity factor is achieved for any test specimen geometry subjected to closed-loop control loading. In contrast to using only load or displacement control the method draws on combined feedback from both displacement and load sensing, reducing the variation in the stress intensity factor by two decades compared to that if tested under constant load or displacement. A change in the signal mix ratio for a rectangular compact tension specimen is equivalent to changing the angle of a tapered compact tension specimen. This method can eliminate the need for the use of ‘complex’ geometries or for geometries in which measured crack lengths are used in conjunction with a computer or some other means to adjust the loading continuously for achieving a constant stress intensity factor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 93 (1998), S. 187-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer fatigue ; time dependent crack growth ; polymer fracture evolution of cohesive forces.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Measurements of crack opening and craze profiles are made under a range of loading histories including cyclical deformations that lead to nonsteady crack propagation histories. Of particular interest is the comparison of the distribution of traction transmission of a newly formed craze relative to a cyclically stressed one as it approaches the slow-down phase. Real time, interferometric measurements provide precise and multiple craze profiles during individual cycles. Cyclic deformations reduce the stiffness of a craze in its center resulting in a stress drop as part of the craze strength evolution; also, its thickness changes nonuniformly during the acceleration/retardation phases of the advancing craze/crack. The implications are, that for quasi-statically formed crazes the craze material can be reasonably well characterized by a stress-strain relation, while that is no longer readily true for a cyclically deforming crack, since rate dependent characteristics of the craze and bulk material intervene. Cracks unloaded as part of cyclical deformation histories exhibit crack closure (compression) near the trailing end of the craze.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 93 (1998), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer fatigue ; Time dependent crack growth ; polymer fracture ; evolutionof cohesive forces.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract This is the first of three papers devoted to the study of nonsteady crack propagation under cyclic loading in polymers, specifically PMMA. Drawing on experimental tools and measurement methods offering high spatial and real-time resolution at the subcycle level, we find that the change in craze behavior with load history is more complex than believed to date. At room temperature the change in fatigue cycle frequency on the order of slightly more than a decade gives rise to considerably different fracture surface morphologies, which are load history dependent. These observations are categorized and deductions for the variable cohesive force transmission by the craze are considered. In this first paper we outline the design of a special loading device which allows ultra-precise load or displacement control commensurate with the high resolution measurements of the crack tip material response. This development illustrates the precision of control for the experiments described in the subsequent papers. In addition, we delineate the software control and data acquisition methods to highlight the spatial resolution which provides the micron accuracy for measuring sub-cyclical crack propagation necessary for the later accounts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 35 (1994), S. 139-174 
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In this last in a series of three papers, we summarize an asymptotic analysis of the near-tip stress and deformation fields for an interface crack between two sheets of Generalized Neo-Hookean materials. This investigation, which is consistent with the nonlinear elastostatic theory of plane stress, allows for an arbitrary choice, on both sides of the three parameters characterizing this class of hyperelastic materials. The first three terms of the approximation series are obtained, showing the existence of a non-oscillatory and contact-free solution to the interface crack problem. The analytical results are compared with a full-field solution obtained numerically using the finite element method.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 32 (1986), S. 265-283 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans les études actuellement disponibles sur la rupture des polymères viscoélastiques, les méthodes de mesure optique doivent être adaptées pour tenir compte de la sensibilité des propriétés physiques à la vitesse de sollicitation. Dans le présent travail, on examinera le comportement photo-viscoélastique dans le but de déterminer l'état mécanique des contraintes et des déformations à l'extrémité d'une fissure en progression dans un solide viscoélastique. La relation linéaire constitutive entre propriétés optiques et mécaniques est tirée de fonctions de relaxation mécaniques et diélectrique pour des solides thermoréologiquement simples, via la relation de Clausius-Mosotti-Lorentz-Lorentz (CMLL). Cette approche est cohérente avec la relation de Maxwell-Neumann dans les limites du comportement élastique. On explore également l'usage des fonctions approchées en lieu et place de la relation de CMLL. Les calculs de la caustique basés sur le champ de contraintes de singularité −1/2 à l'extrémité d'une fissure en propagation stable montrent que la vitesse de propagation a un effet prononcé sur la dimension de la caustique, bien que la forme en soit virtuellement inchangée. Ainsi, une connaissance des propriétés opto-mécaniques d'un polymère permet de déterminer un facteur d'intensité de contraintes dans des solides (linéairement) viscoélastiques, même si cette détermination doit être effectuée via une déconvolution plutôt que via un calcul algébrique, comme c'est le cas dans les solides élastiques.
    Notizen: Abstract In experimental fracture studies of viscoelastic polymers presently available optical measurement methods need to be modified to account for the rate sensitivity of the physical properties. Here, photoviscoelastic behavior is examined for the purpose of determining the mechanical state of stress and strain at the tip of a crack moving through a viscoelastic solid. The linearly opto-mechanical constitutive relation is derived from mechanical and dielectric relaxation functions for thermorheologically simple solids via the Clausius-Mosotti-Lorentz-Lorenz (CMLL) relation, which derivation is consistent with the Maxwell-Neumann relation in the limit of elastic behavior; also, approximate functions in place of the CMLL relations are explored. Computations of the caustic, based on the square root singular stress field at the tip of a steadily propagating crack show that the crack speed has a pronounced effect on the size of the caustic but leaves the shape virtually unchanged. A knowledge of the phenomenological opto-mechanical properties of the polymer allows thus the determination of the stress intensity factor in (linearly) viscoelastic solids, though that determination must be effected through a de-convolution rather than through an algebraic computation as in the case of elastic solids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 35 (1994), S. 61-98 
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes an asymptotic analysis of the strain and stress fields at the tip of a crack in a sheet of incompressible hyperelastic material. The investigations are carried out within the framework of finite elastostatics and for the class of Generalized Neo-Hookean materials. Both the symmetric (mode I) and non-symmetric (mixed-mode) cases are considered. It is shown that the latter situation corresponds locally to a rigid body rotation of the symmetric fields. The effect of the “hardening” parameter on crack tip blunting is investigated analytically and numerically.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 35 (1994), S. 99-137 
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An asymptotic analysis of the strain and stress near-tip fields for a crack in a sheet of Generalized Neo-Hookean materials is presented in this second in a series of three papers. The analysis is based on the nonlinear plane stress theory of elasticity and concerns two special cases of the interface crack problem: in the first situation both components have the same “hardening” behavior; next, we investigate the particular case of a sheet of Generalized Neo-Hookean material bonded to a rigid substrate. The transition between the two special cases is studied in detail. The analytical results are also compared with a full-field finite element solution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 93 (1998), S. 161-185 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer fatigue ; time dependent crack growth ; polymer fracture ; evolution of cohesive forces.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract This is the second of three papers devoted to time or frequency effects on crack propagation in PMMA under cyclic loading with high resolution measurements of crack and craze growth in the micron range and with subcycle temporal resolution. It is demonstrated that the breakdown rate of the craze leads to quasi-periodic spurts of propagation and growth retardation in dependence on both the magnitude of the stress intensity factor and on the imposed load frequency. The surface morphology is governed more by the time required to build and deteriorate the craze (process time) than by the amplitude of the stress intensity factor. Three different growth ranges are distinguished: At the highest load levels $$(K \approx 1{\text{ }}MPa m^{1/2} ) $$ multiple crazes occur at various distances from the major crack plane which coalesce and give rise to an incoherent surface structure not characterizable in terms of a single craze, although the front of the craze/crack is still represented by a smooth curve; crack advance occurs over domains that are larger than a typical craze length. At lower stress levels $$(K \approx 0.6{\text{ }}MPa m^{1/2} ) $$ the craze breaks at different levels within the craze structure, the spatial breakdown of the craze being limited to dimensions smaller than the craze length but with a correlation or memory effect that generates terraces (on the fracture surface) on a scale larger than the craze length. In a transition between this stage and the lowest stress level considered, both features may exist simultaneously on a fracture surface, one increasing or decreasing relative to the other. Increase/decrease of one phenomenon relative to the other does not occur at a fixed stress intensity range but depends on the past history. When a change in the loading produces a change in the fracture mode, it is possible to associate, during the transition, decreasing crack growth rates with increasing stress intensity factors. At the lowest loading $$(K \approx 0.35{\text{ }}MPa m^{1/2} ) $$ a craze breaks essentially through its center leaving a submicroscopically smooth surface; the associated crack growth and craze break down occurs with more or less periodic increments that are each smaller than the full ‘equilibrium’ craze length.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 35 (1995), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract At present there exist considerable opportunities for experimental studies. In large part this prognosis derives from the observation that analytical capability has, to some extent, outstripped our detailed understanding of many aspects of engineering concerns, so that there exists a need for providing input into the modeling of mechanics (of materials) problems. This favorable situation is supported by increasingly sophisticated experimental methods which, in turn, depend heavily on the computer, as well as on optical and other field methods. Examples are given that illustrate the gradual transition of macroscopic material related studies to those that require submicron resolution as demanded by ever increasing relevance in advanced materials related research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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