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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 133 (1995), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Stereotactic atlas ; basal ganglia ; thalamotomy ; neurostimulation ; computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Functional stereotactic operations are currently performed primarily for medically uncontrollable Parkinson's disease and pain. In contrast to the targets in neuro-oncology, those in functional Stereotaxy cannot be represented directly by modern imaging methods. The target co-ordinates must therefore be calculated with the aid of special stereotactic atlases. These are publications in which a model brain has been constructed from autopsy examinations on a number of brains, or the data obtained have been compiled in the form of tables and histograms on which the calculation is then based. The target can then be determined based on the classic stereotactic landmarks and reference lines, such as the anterior commissure (AC), the foramen of Monro (FM), the posterior commissure (PC) or the base line FM-PC or AC-PC and the height of thalamus, taking into account the interindividually different anatomical proportions. Since the computational procedures involve repetitious algorithms, it was obvious that such procedures should be run by a computer program. For the most common stereotactic targets, we have developed a computer program for data storage on the one hand and computation and graphic output on the other. The output can be displayed on the monitor and can also be plotted out on paper or overhead transparency. Calibrating between the program and printer renders a 1∶1 reproduction, i.e. the graph can be superimposed directly onto original x-rays or images from computed tomography or nuclear magnetic imaging. The graph can be plotted in the three dimensions of the Cartesian co-ordinate system. An additional dimension can be attained by simultaneously including and plotting the data from different atlases and thus from different authors, including one's own data. In addition to the information capacity which this system offers, it also makes possible a considerable reduction in the time for computing the target while at the same time increasing the reliability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 134 (1995), S. 221-221 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; essential tremor ; tremor ; movement disorder ; stereotaxy ; neurostimulation ; thalamus ; ventral intermediate nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on Benabid's experimental and clinical findings that low-frequency (50 Hz) electrical stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus may increase tremor, while higher frequencies (〉100 Hz) lead to suppression of the tremor, we implanted a stimulation electrode in 33 thalami among 27 patients. Six patients were implanted bilaterally. 23 suffered from Parkinson's disease, 4 from essential tremor. All patients had a drug-resistant tremor. The Vim target was calculated based on stereotactic ventriculography. An intra-operative neurophysiological target control was performed on all patients. After a monopolar (12 thalami) or quadripolar (21 thalami) lead was implanted we then connected it to a percutaneous extension lead. In the days following the surgery a test stimulation was performed. In all but one patient stimulation resulted in a suppression of the tremor. In a second procedure, a pulse generator (ITREL II; MEDTRONIC) was implanted and connected subcutaneously to the thalamic lead. After implantation of the pulse generator all patients stimulate chronically while some turn off the stimulator at night. In 21 thalami total suppression of tremor was observed, 6 showed major improvement, 4 only minor improvement. There was no significant effect on any other existing symptom of Parkinson's disease. Due to the proximity of Vim to the sensory thalamus the majority of the patients (27 thalami) report slight temporary paraesthesias when the pulse generator is turned on. Two report permanent paraesthesias when stimulation is on. In 4 cases a slight dysarthria occurs under stimulation. In 2 the dysarthria is marked. In one case dysequilibrium occurs under stimulation. All these side effects are reversible when stimulation is turned off. In 3 patients, the lead was displaced due to an insufficient lead fixation, thus making a second procedure necessary to correct the electrode position. We had one complication due to bleeding at the burr hole side. Follow-up ranges from 3 to 48 months. So far in no cases has the effect of stimulation worn off. In conclusion we regard Vim neurostimulation as an effective and safe alternative to conventional thalamotomy and recommend that it should be considered in cases in which drag therapy has failed to affect Parkinsonian or essential tremor. Moreover, we believe that this procedure is a less invasive and equally efficient alternative to classic thalamotomy and thus should be given preference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Low grade gliomas ; Xenon CT ; stereotactic biopsy ; histological grading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Xenon-enhanced computerized tomography (XeCT) was performed on 14 consecutive adult patients presenting with seizures showing supratentorial non-enhancing radiologically uniform appearing low grade gliomas on CT/MR images. Pre-operative XeCT patterns were compared with postoperative histological diagnosis, grading and Ki67 proliferation indices (PI). After gross-total, subtotal resection or biopsy, 11 astrocytomas, 2 oligodendrogliomas and 1 oligo-astrocytoma were diagnosed and graded: Grade I: 2 patients (Ki67-PI=0.5–0.8), Grade I–II: 4 patients (Ki67-PI=0.3–1.5), Grade II: 3 patients (Ki67-PI=0.5–3.5), Grade II–III: 4 patients (Ki67-PI=3.8–6.8) and Grade III: 1 patient (Ki67-PI=5.2), (Kernohan Classification). Xenon CT studies revealed different flow patterns, correlating with the postoperative histological diagnosis, grading and proliferation indices: A tumour group with well defined, delayed, only minimally enhancing tumour area (5 patients, Grade I, I–II or II), a second group with less well defined low-flow-area borders and inhomogenous, strong enhancement within the tumour (4 patients, Grade II–III, III) and a third group with fast enhancing tumours was identified. The third pattern was exclusively shown in the 2 oligodendrogliomas (Grade I and II–III) and 1 oligo-astrocytoma (Grade II). The preliminary report identifies the Xenon enhanced CT as a beneficial pre-operative investigation for patients with radiologically uniform appearing suspected adult supratentorial low-grade gliomas, which may give information about the presence of anaplastic foci or oligodendroglial components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 63 (1982), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vienna, about 800 patients with intracranial aneurysms have been operated since 1958. The distribution of age, sex, and the localization of the aneurysms correspond roughly to the international statistics. From our experience it is apparent that the level of consciousness and responsiveness is the most important factor in deciding the choice and time of treatment on the one hand and the further fate of the patient on the other. The authors therefore use some modification of the five-grade system of Hunt and Hess to stress the importance of the level of consciousness and the neurological deficits. As far as timing of surgery is concerned, the earliest possible microsurgical treatment for patients in grades I and II seems the method of choice, primarily to avoid rebleeding. Patients with impaired and/or fluctuating consciousness, neurological deficits and rather severe signs of meningeal irritation were operated as soon as the clinical picture became stable or showed a tendency to improve. Grade V patients were operated only if a life-threatening space occupying intracerebral haematoma was encountered my means of a CT scan. Nevertheless the authors have tried to avoid any too rigid routine and to adjust their decisions on therapeutic measurements according to the needs of the individual patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 329 (1971), S. 156-157 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beurteilung eines Hirntumors hinsichtlich seiner Malignität kann nicht allein nach morphologischen Kennzeichen erfolgen, sondern verlangt die Berücksichtigung seiner „biologischen Wertigkeit”, die sich aus dem biologischen Verhalten des Gewebes, der Tumorlokalisation sowie aus dem Erkrankungsalter und der Auswertung der Fallkatamnesen ergibt, und nicht nur von Tumorgruppe zu Tumorgruppe, sondern auch innerhalb ein- und derselben Gruppe variieren kann. An Hand von 820 Hirntumoren von Kindern und Jugendlichen (bis zum 16. Lebensjahr) aus der Tumorsammlung der Wiener Neurochirurgischen Klinik läßt sich sowohl für die malignen, wie auch für die meisten übrigen Hirntumorarten eine deutliche Prädilektion hinsichtlich Erkrankungsalter und Geschlecht der Kinder sowie der Tumorlokalisation erkennen. Unter den 136 Tumoren der Altersgruppe 0 bis 3 Jahre fanden sich 36 maligne Tumoren (26 %), davon waren 13 oberhalb (36 %) und 23 unterhalb des Tentoriums (64 %) lokalisiert. An der Spitze der bösartigen Hirngeschwülste standen die Sarkome des Großhirns und die Medulloblastome des Kleinhirns. Eine Anzahl dieser Tumoren war angeboren. Die anatomischen und physiologischen Besonderheiten dieser frühen Altersgruppe prägen das klinische Bild und erklären den hohen Prozentsatz an Fehldiagnosen (50%). Schonende diagnostische Eingriffe wie B-Echographie und Scintigraphie ermöglichen in Verdachtsfällen eine frühzeitige Diagnose bzw. Differentialdiagnose des intrakraniellen raumbeengenden Prozesses. Eingreifendere diagnostische Hilfsmethoden, wie cerebrale Angiographie und Ventrikulographie werden je nach den Erfordernissen des Falles herangezogen. Die chirurgischen und radiotherapeutischen Maßnahmen sowie die Prognose bei frühkindlichen malignen Hirntumoren werden von den Autoren im einzelnen besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The assessment of the malignancy or otherwise of a brain tumour cannot be made on the basis of morphological criteria only, it requires also the evaluation of its “biological value”, which is derived from the biological behaviour of the tissue, the localization of the tumour, the age of the patient and the case history-and can vary not only from tumour group to tumour group but even within the same group of tumours. Based on a series of 820 brain tumours in children and young adults (up to 16 years) from the tumour records of the Vienna Neuro-Surgical Clinic, we are able to observe that malignant and most other brain-tumours show a definite predilection with regard to age and sex of the child as well as the site of the tumour. Of 136 tumours within the age group 0 to 3 years, 36 were malignant (26 %); of these 13 were above (36%) and 23 below the tentorium (64%). The most important malignant brain tumours are the sarcomas of the cerebrum and the medulla-blastomas of the cerebellum. A number of these tumours are congenital. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of this “early age” group determine the clinical picture and explain the high percentage of wrong diagnoses (50 %). Sensitive diagnostic methods such as B-echography and scintigraphy enable one to arrive, in suspected cases, at an early diagnosis or differential diagnosis of an intra-cranial space-occupying lesion. More demanding diagnostic methods, such as cerebral angiography and ventriculography, have also to be used when the case warrants them. Surgical and radio-therapeutic measures, as well as the prognosis of malignant brain tumours in early childhood are discussed in detail by the authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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