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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 24 (1975), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway ; Pontine nuclei cells ; Fast and slow relays ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebrally-induced responses of pontine nuclei cells (PN cells) were studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium and with the midbrain transected bilaterally sparing only the cerebral peduncles. After stimulating the subcortical white matter, the internal capsule or the cerebral peduncle, mass potentials were recorded from the cut end of fibres in the brachium pontis (BP) and in the pyramid at the level of the trapezoid body. These potentials were regarded as indicating, respectively, the size of an output volley of PN cells and the size of its causative input volley through the pyramidal tract. BP responses consisted of short- and long-latency potentials which were caused by fast and slow conducting pyramidal tract volleys, respectively. The input-output relations for fast component responses took a characteristic S-shaped form resembling those obtained for the monosynaptic spinal reflex. The input-output relations for slow component responses were almost linear. Both fast and slow BP responses were remarkably potentiated after single or relatively brief repetitive peduncular stimulation, but were depressed after long-lasting high-frequency activation. During repetitive stimulation with varied frequencies, fast and slow BP responses showed different patterns of frequency-dependence of their amplitudes. These results suggest the existence of two separate transmission lines with different properties in the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway ; Pontine nuclei cells ; Fast and slow relays ; Pyramidal collaterals ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from single cells in the pontine nuclei (PN) of the cat. PN cells were identified by antidromic invasion from the cerebellum by stimulating either the brachium pontis (BP) or the white matter near the cerebellar nuclei. The cerebrally-induced impulses excited PN cells postsynaptically with a monosynaptic latency. Both fast and slow conducting cortical fibres contributed to the corticopontine excitation, so that the latency varied over a wide range. Measurements of the latencies for antidromic and corticopontine excitation and of the distances between stimulated sites permitted the calculation of conduction velocities of PN cell axons and of their cortical input fibres. PN cells with fast conducting axons received convergence from both fast and slow cortical fibres, whereas PN cells with slow axons were innervated only by slow cortical fibres. The majority of PN cells were also excited by stimulating the medullary pyramid through collaterals of the pyramidal tract. Evidence of abundant pyramidal collaterals was provided by the collision technique. The functional role of the PN is discussed in connection with the cerebro-cerebellar loop circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Horseradish peroxidase ; Trans-synaptic migration ; Exo/endocytotic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transneuronal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was observed by electron microscopy following intracellular injection of the enzyme into single interneurons inhibiting the teleost Mauthner cell. Complex membrane infolding, associating protrusions of the stained cells with adjacent indentations of the postsynaptic neuron, favours the interpretation that transport of HRP is brought about by an active process of extrusion and consecutive micropinocytosis of HRP by the target cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To extend our study of the inhibitory synaptic network we have developed an isolated whole-brain preparation of the 52-h-old zebrafish (Brachydanio redo) in which the structural and functional integrity of the brain is preserved. We report the characterization of quantal inhibitory events and the correlation of their properties with those of the underlying activated channels. During whole-cell recordings of the Mauthner cells, applications of 10−6 M tetrodotoxin greatly reduced the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneously occurring synaptic events, which were dominated by Cl−-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). Lowering Ca2+ and adding Mg2+ to tetrodotoxin-containing solutions resulted in a further decrease in amplitude of the recorded synaptic currents, the remaining ones being considered as miniature IPSCs (mISCs). Applications of 0.5–1 μMM strychnine in the presence of tetrodotoxin eliminated 〉 90% of the inhibitory currents in the preparation. The amplitude histograms of these mIPSCs exhibited two initial equally spaced peaks, followed by a skewed distribution for higher values. The first two components were well fitted by the sum of two Gaussian curves, giving a mean quantal amplitude of 35.7 pA (at a holding potential of-50 mV) and a coefficient of variation of 0.25 for the first peak. Outside-out recordings showed at least two classes of glycine receptor channels, one having multiple conductance levels with a main state of 81–86 pS and another displaying only one opening level of 41–43 pS. These two mean conductance states had similar mean open times, of 0.6–1 and 4.5–6 ms respectively. In addition, three mean closed times were observed for the 41–43 pS level. The shortest group (0.6–1 ms) was considered as representing gaps within bursts. Burst analysis revealed three mean burst durations, of 0.6, 4 and 35 ms. Comparisons of the amplitude of the first class of mIPSCs and of the open channel conductances indicated that one quantum opens 14–22 channels. Moreover, the correspondence between the mean decay time of mIPSCs and the mean open time or medium burst duration (4–5 ms) suggests that glycine-activated channels open only once in response to a single exocytosis. The pre-and postsynaptic origins of mIPSCs amplitude fluctuations are discussed in the context of multivesicular release versus the hypothesis of postsynaptic receptor saturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0300-9084
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0300-9084
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR — We have read with great interest the recommendations of F. Gros, G. P. Tocchini-Valentini and their committee of molecular biologists on priorities for the support of scientific research and technological development by the European Union (Nature 369, 11-12; 1994). ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 41 (1953), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die großen Vulkano-Plutone in Südwest-Afrika verdanken ihre eigenartige Natur dem Zusammenspiel von Caldera-Einbrüchen und Magmenaufstieg. Die beiden Erscheinungen werden durch die Bildung von Ringspalten ausgelöst und gehen Hand in Hand. Die durch die Spalten losgetrennten Blöcke sinken unter dem Einfluß der Schwere in die Magmakammer. Einbrechend folgen ihnen von oben die Deckschichten nach, während gleichzeitig das Magma in der Tiefe verdrängt und hydrostatisch auf den Spalten in die Höhe gepreßt wird. Dabei kann das Magma die sich aufblätternden Deckschichten aufs intensivste durchtränken und poröse oder stark geklüftete Lagen selbst völlig assimilieren oder umwandeln. Es darf vielleicht angenommen werden, daß auch manche heutige Caldera in der Tiefe dem Brandberg- oder Messum-Pluton gleicht. Die behandelten Plutone zeigen verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Caldera-Bildung. Erongo: Eine wenig entwickelte Caldera in einem großen Schildvulkan. Brandberg: Eine große, sehr regelmäßige Caldera ohne nennenswerte effusive vulkanische Tätigkeit. Messum: Zweimaliger Einbruch und starke vulkanische Tätigkeit. Eine recht repräsentative Vertretung der heutigen Caldera-Typen. Im großen scheinen die Vulkano-Plutone auf die Scheitelregion des alten Damara-Gebirges beschränkt zu sein. Eine Zone, die seit dem Algonkium eine Sonderstellung behauptet hat. Die Anordnung der zahlreichen Dolerit-Gänge, die etwas älter sind als die Plutone, läßt vermuten, daß dieses Gebiet vor und während der Pluton-Bildung eine homogene Dehnung erfuhr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 28 (1966), S. 135-147 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei der mit Chloralose anästhesierten Katze wurde die Ausdehnung der vagalen Projektionsfelder auf dem vorderen Cortex untersucht. Die durch Stimulation des cervicalen Vagusnerven ausgelösten Antworten treten vor allem in vier Herden auf, zwischen dem Ende des Sulcus coronarius und der Fissura rhinalis (Herd a vonSiegfried), auf dem Gyrus orbitalis (Herd b vonSiegfried), auf, dem Gyrus sigmoideus anterior und im vorderen Teil des Gyrus marginalis. 2. Die Projektionen des cervicalen Vagusnerven auf die vier beschriebenen Herde entstammen gleichzeitig den Fasern der A-Gruppe und denjenigen der B-Gruppe dieses Nerven. Es konnten keine corticalen Projektionen für die allerschnellsten Fasern der Gruppe A entdeckt werden. 3. Die Reizung jedes Astes des cervicalen Vagusnerven (N. laryngeus superior, N. recurrens, N. vagus thoracalis) löst ein „evoked potential” im Gyrus orbitalis aus. 4. Beide Anteile A und B des thoracalen Vagusnerven projizieren sich auf die Orbitalrinde. 5. Das Projektionsfeld welches auf der Oberfläche der Orbitalrinde bei Reizung der einzelnen Fasern der Gruppe A des cervicalen Vagusnerven gefunden wurde, ist abenso ausgedehnt wie das Projektionsfeld, das bei Reizung der A- und B-Fasern dieses Nerven erhalten wurde.
    Abstract: Summary 1. In the cat, narcotised with Chloralose, the extension of the projection areas of the vagus on the anterior cerebral cortex was investigated. The responses evoked by stimulation of the cervical vagus nerve are distributed in four foci, respectively on a field between the end of the coronal sulcus and the rhinal fissure (Siegfried's focus 1), on the orbital gyrus (Siegfried's focus b), on the anterior sigmoid gyrus and in the anterior part of the marginal gyrus. 2. The projections of the cervical vagus nerve on the four foci mentioned above arise from A and B fibres of this nerve. No cervical projections from the more rapid fibres of Group A could be detected. 3. Stimulation of each of the branches of the cervical vagus nerve (Superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent nerve, thoracic vagus nerve) evokes a response on the orbital gyrus. 4. Both A and B fibres of the thoracic vagus nerve project on the orbital cortex. 5. The projection area obtained on the surface of the orbital cortex by stimulating only the A fibres of the cervical vagus nerve is as extensive as that resulting from stimulation of both A and B fibres of this nerve.
    Notes: Résumé 1. Chez le Chat anesthésié au chloralose, l'extension des aires de projection vagale sur le cortex cérébral antérieur a été recherchée. Les réponses évoquées par la stimulation du nerf vague cervical apparaissent essentiellement au niveau de quatre foyers situés respectivement entre l'extrémité du sillon coronaire et la scissure rhinale (foyer a deSiegfried), sur la circonvolution orbitaire (foyer b deSiegfried), sur la circonvolution sigmoïde antérieure et dans la partie antérieure de la circonvolution marginale. 2. Les projections du nerf vague cervical sur les quatre foyers décrits se font à la fois à partir des fibres du groupe A et de celles du groupe B de ce nerf. Il n'a pas été décelé de projections corticales pour les fibres les plus rapides du groupe A. 3. La stimulation de chacune des branches du nerf vague cervical (nerf laryngé supérieur, nerf récurrent, nerf vague thoracique) fait apparaître une réponse évoquée sur la circonvolution orbitaire. 4. Les deux contingents A et B du nerf vague thoracique projettent l'un et l'autre sur le cortex orbitaire. 5. L'aire de projection obtenue à la surface du cortex orbitaire, en stimulant les seules fibres du groupe A du nerf vague cervical, est aussi étendue que celle délimitée en stimulant à la fois les fibres des groupes A et B de ce nerf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 597-600 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Rodents ; Live-trapping ; Toe-clipping ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in body weights of four species of small rodents were monitored to evaluate the method of toe-clipping for individual identification. If carefully applied the method was found to be without any biologically meaningful effects on the animals. Secondly, body weight changes in prolonged live-trapping studies were evaluated in five species of small rodents. It was found that the animals generally do not recover from the stress of trapping within 24 h. Absolute weight losses were small on a daily basis but mounted up when animals were trapped day after day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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