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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of fungicides on the occurrence of thermophilous leaf-surface fungi (1977)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 62 (1977), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thermophilous fungi were found to be a small but consistent component of the leaf surface mycoflora of living green leaves. The thirteen species of thermophilous fungi isolated occurred in higher proportions than their reported levels in the air spora indicating active growth rather than passive occurrence or preferential retention of the spores. The four fungicides, Captan, Dicloran, Thiriam and Verdasan reduced the number of thermophilous fungal isolates by 45,8%, 7.6%, 47.6% and 50.4% respectively. The frequencies of occurrence of the individual species were also suppressed to different levels; Thiram and Verdasan produced the most marked effects. Thermophilous fungi were found to be more sensitive to the fungicides than were the mesophilic species. While recolonization by the mesophilic fungi tended to reach or exceed control numbers, the thermophilous fungi remained suppressed and were often eliminated. Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor pusillus were the major persistent species on all fungicide-treated leaves. Coprinus delicatulus, Sporotrichum thermophile and Thermoascus aurantiacus were eliminated from Verdasantreated leaves. Thermomyces lanuginosus, a major phylloplane species on control leaves, was significantly suppressed on Thiram and Verdasan-treated leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and sporulation of thermophilous fungi on agar containing various carbon and nitrogen compounds (1983)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 82 (1983), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract All eight genera of thermophilous fungi studied could grow on agar with any of the carbon and nitrogen compounds incorporated. The colonies that developed on carboxymethylcellulose-incorporated agar were sparse, straggly and poorly sporulating or asporogenous. Except for Thermomyces lanuginosus Tsik. the rest of the fungi showed dense mycelial development and sporulation with casein hydrolysate. Urea was a poor nitrogen source for growth and sporulation of thermophilous fungi. More species of thermophilous fungi showed dense mycelial development and sporulation with nitrate-nitrogen than with ammonium-nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436945
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fungicides on Aspergillus fumigatus (1979)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 45 (1979), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated thermophilous fungus from green leaf surfaces. The application of fungicides significantly reduced the frequency of its occurrence there. A. fumigatus was relatively tolerant to fungicides. On Captan-, Thiram-, and Verdasan-treated leaves, A. fumigatus constituted 66%–80% of the total number of isolates obtained at 45°C from each treatment while Dicloran did not depress the percentages. At 45°C, A. fumigatus was found to be strongly cellulolytic with a slow rate of radial extension on YpSs agar and rapid rate of mycelial growth in Czapek Dox liquid medium. Increasing concentrations of all four fungicides reduced or prevented growth, sporulation, starch depletion and cellulose clearing of A. fumigatus. The fungus could tolerate higher concentrations of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. 0.5 μg/ml of the four fungicides altered the rates of mycelial growth but not the maximum amount of mycelial dry weight attained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418593
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and fungicides on Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) Hughes (1979)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 45 (1979), S. 65-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C. pannorum was isolated in low frequencies and only in the colder months from untreated soil and leaves and from those treated with Captan, Dicloran and Thiram. The fungus was isolated throughout the year as the major species from Verdasan-treated substrates and it occurred with increased frequencies immediately after application of the fungicide. The abundance of C. pannorum on Verdasan-treated substrates was attributed to the ability of the fungus to utilise the fungicide rather than to the absence of faster growing competitor species. C. pannorum was shown to be a slow growing and moderately cellulolytic fungus with maximum rates of growth, germination and cellulose clearing at between 15° and 20°C. Increasing concentrations of the fungicides retarded or prevented growth and activity of the fungus. C. pannorum could grow, germinate and clear cellulose in higher concentrations of Verdasan than could other species studied. C. pannorum was more tolerant of HgCl2 than of Verdasan. The fungus could detoxify up to 3 μg/ml active ingredient of Verdasan (=120 μg/ml of the formulated fungicide) in liquid culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400780
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency of occurrence of fungi on wood in Malaysian mangroves (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove fungi ; frequency of occurrence ; marine ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over one hundred fungi have been reported on mangrove wood (Hyde and Jones, 1988; Jones and Kuthubutheen, 1989; Hyde and Jones, unpublished) from tropical and subtropical locations. A variety of factors affect the frequency of occurrence of these fungi, e.g . salinity, length of exposure of substrate, wood species and location within the mangrove. Two aspects are addressed in this paper: a) Comparison of the fungi present at three mangroves in Malaysia (Morib, Kuala Selangor, Port Dickson); and b) The fungi colonising specific mangrove wood, e.g. Avecennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Species diversity was greatest at Port Dickson with 63 fungi recorded while species composition varied from site to site. Common fungi at Morib and Kuala Selangor were Halocyphina villosa and Leptosphaeria australiensis along with Kallichroma tethys and Lulworthia grandispora at the latter site. None of these were common at Port Dickson, the dominant species at this site were Hypoxylon oceanicum and Massarina ramunculicola. A comparison of the fungi occurring on Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza indicated that Halocyphina villosa was common on both timbers. Species diversity and abundance were greatest on Avicennia with the following fungi listed as common: Eutypa sp., Kallichroma tethys, Marinosphaera mangrovei, Phoma sp. and Julelia avicenniae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungi associated with the aerial parts of Malaysian mangrove plants (1981)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 76 (1981), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The leaf surface fungi associated with nine species of mangrove plants includingAvicennia alba, A. officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia alba, andXylocarpus mollucensis were studied using direct observation techniques and leaf washings. Over 40 fungal taxa were isolated from the leaf washings. Of these, species ofAspergillus, Choanephora, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Trichoderma, andZygosporium were frequently encountered in the washings of all nine mangrove plants. Fewer species of fungi includingCladosporium oxysporum, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, andZygosporium were capable of growth on the washed leaves. The major phylloplane fungus on plants with higher leaf tannin content (e.g.B. parviflora, C. tagal, Rhizophora spp., andX. mollucensis) wasPestalotiopsis. Leaves with relatively lower amounts of tannin supported the proliferation ofFusarium as the major fungus. Fungi were present on the plumule and cotyledonous sheath even before the leaves opened.Pestalotiopsis persisted throughout the development and growth of the leaves. Many of the fungi encountered on senescent leaves have been reported in earlier studies to be the primary colonisers of submerged decaying leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00761897
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of fungicides on the growth rates of thermophilous fungi (1977)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 62 (1977), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the fungicides Captan, Dicloran, Thiram, Verdasan and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on the radial and mycelial growth rates of thermophilous fungi isolated from living green leaves were studied. On controlplates Thermoascus aurantiacus andTorula thermophila had the highest radial growth rates whileMalbranchea pulchella var.sulfurea andTalaromyces duponti had the lowest growth rates. Good sporulation was seen on all control plates. With increasing concentrations of fungicides the growth rates were correspondingly retarded and sporulation was reduced. At het higher fungicide concentrations the hyphal tips and young hyphae were thicker and warty or granulated. Of the fungi studies,Aspergillus andMucor pusillus were the most tolerant species; they were capable of growth in more concentrations of fungicides compared with the other species.Talaromyces duponti andThermomyces lanuginosus emerged as the most sensitive species. Most marked reductions in the growth rates were produced by Thiram and Verdasan than by the other fungicides. All the ten thermophilous species studied were capable of growth with more concentrations of HgCl2 than with the organo mercurial Verdasan. Six of the ten thermophilous species studied showed higher radial growth rates compared with the two fastest growing mesophilic species studied;Trlchoderma viride andZygorhynchus moelleri. While M. pusillus was capable of growth in dry weight at 0.05 ppm of all fine fungicides,Sporotrichum thermophile did not show mycelial growth with Verdasan at 0.05 ppm.Thermomyces lanuginosus showed reduced growth rates with Thiram and no mycelial growth with both HgCl2 and Verdasan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259395
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of six triorganotin(IV) compounds on nitrification and ammonification in soil (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 319-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; soil nitrification ; soil ammonification ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of six triorganotin(IV) compounds and of Thiram on nitrification and ammonification in soil were investigated. Low concentrations of up to 50 μg g-1 of the triorganotin(IV) compounds enhanced nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) production in soil. Except for diphenylbutyltin bromide, which inhibited nitrification at 250 μg g-1, the other triorganotin(IV) compounds were inhibitory at concentrations of 100 μg g-1 to less than 250 μg g-1. At 10 μg g-1, only triphenyltin acetate was less inhibitory towards nitrification compared with Thiram. At 250 μg g-1, Thiram exerted a strongly persistent inhibitory effect towards nitrification. The NO3--N level recorded 28 days after application was only 0.10 μg g-1 soil. With the triorganotin compounds NO3--N levels of 7.05-12.06 μg g-1 soil were recorded 28 days following their application. The deleterious effects of the triorganotin(IV) compounds were less persistent and recovery of nitrification was evident seven days after application. Low concentrations of Thiram and triorganotin(IV) compounds inhibited ammonification, whereas higher concentrations enhanced ammonification. Complete inhibition of ammonification was attained 21-28 days after application of Thiram at 50 μg g-1. On the other hand, with the triorganotin(IV) compounds, except for diphenylbutyltin bromide at 10-50 μg g-1, ammonification persisted at all concentrations 28 days after application.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590030405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure and fungitoxicity of aquatributyltin N-phthaloylglycinateAtomic coordinates for this structure have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. The coordinates can be obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8 (1994), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Triorganotin ; carboxylate ; crystal structure ; fungitoxicity ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [nBu3Sn(N-phthaloylglycinate)(OH2)] compound has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure reveals the tin atom, in each of the two molecules comprising the asymmetric unit, to exist in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which the trigonal plane is defined by the three organic substituents and the axial sites are occupied by an oxygen atom derived from a monodentate carboxylate ligand and a coordinated water molecule. The [nBu3Sn(N-phthaloylglycinate)(OH2)] compound and three other triorganotin derivatives of N-phthaloyl-protected amino acids display marked toxicity against several economically important plant pathogenic fungi.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of selected triorganotin(IV) compounds on leaves against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler isolated from black pepper and cocoa (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 3 (1989), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotins ; fungitoxicity ; Phytophthora ; pepper ; cocoa ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several triorganotin(IV) compounds and Terrazole® 35 WP were screened for their in vitro antifungal activity against three isolates of Phytophthora palmivora. Two isolates (isolates Phy. 2 and Phy. 334) were obtained from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and one isolate (isolate Phy. 56) from cocoa leaves (Cacao theobromae). ED50 values for radial growth of the isolates ranged from 0.09 to 1,700 μg cm-3 for the triorganotin(IV) compounds and from 3.46 to 1 227 000 μg cm-3 for Terrazole®. Diphenylbutyltin bromide exhibited the highest antifungal activity against the three isolates of P. palmivora with ED50 values ranging from 0.30 to 0.73 μg cm-3.Diphenylbutyltin bromide was equally effective against a freshly isolated virulent culture of P. palmivora (isolate Phy. 346) from black pepper leaves in Sarawak, East Malaysia, yielding an ED50 value for radial growth of 0.87 μg cm-3 and a probit-log concentration regression line slope value of 1.04. In vitro efficacy of diphenylbutyltin bromide against isolate Phy. 346 using detached healthy pepper leaves showed 40-75% infection of leaves at 100 μg cm-3 and no infection at 500 μg cm-3. Diphenylbutyltin bromide at 100 μg cm-3, however, inhibited the diameter of lesion by 43.3-73.7% compared with the untreated controls. Black pepper leaves treated with Terrazole® at 778 μg cm-3 exhibited 5.3-33.3% inhibition of lesion diameter compared with the untreated controls, where 90-100% of the leaves were infected. Concentrations of diphenylbutyltin bromide of 1000-2500 μg cm-3 caused some injury lesions on the leaves. From the results obtained, it appears that diphenylbutyltin bromide could be used as a protective spray or drench against P. palmivora infection of black pepper at 100-500 μg cm-3.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590030307
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