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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Aussagekraft der Phospholipid-Konzentration in Sinus- und Herzblut Erhängter (1980)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 85 (1980), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Hanging, vital reactions ; Vital reactions, phospholipids in fatal strangulations ; Phospholipids, vital reactions ; Erhängen, vitale Reaktionen ; vitale Reaktionen, Phospholipide bei Erhägen ; Phospolipide, vitale Reaktionen bei Erhangen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleich der Phospholipidkonzentration im Serum von Herz- und Sinusblut mit dem Hämolysegrad dieser Blutproben, dem Lebensalter, Geschlecht, Arteriosklerosegrad und der Todesursache bei 145 unselektierten Leichen, die nicht fäulnisverändert waren, ergab trotz breiter Streuung der Einzelwerte eine Abhängigkeit von der Todesursache, nicht jedoch von Alter, Geschlecht und dem Arteriosklerosegrad. Während mit geringeren Stufen der Hämolyse eine Abnahme der Phospholipidkonzentration einherging, deutete sich bei ausgeprägter Hä molyse eine Zunahme an. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse von 46 Todesfällen durch Erhängen erbrachte eine Bestätigung der grundlegenden Untersuchungen von Berg, wonach vermehrt Phospholipide in Sinne einer vitalen Reaktion während des Strangulationsvorganges ausgeschüttet werden. Als Folge der Halsgefäßkompresion ergaben sich dabei statistisch gesicherte Unterschiede in der Phospholipidkonzentration im Serum von Herz- und Sinusblut.
    Notes: Summary A comparison of phospholipid content of sera from heart blood and sinus blood from the brain with the rate of haemolysis in the blood samples, with age, sex, degree of arteriosclerosis and cause of death, showed a relationship with the cause of death in spite of wide dispersion of the single values. The remaining factors of the 145 unselected human cadavers, which were not putrefied, seemed to have no influence. Small amounts of haemolysis caused a decrease of phospholipid concentration whereas an extensive haemolysis clearly led to an increase. The results of 46 deaths by hanging confirmed the fundamental studies of Berg (1950, 1952), who demonstrated that an increased secretion of phospholipids during the strangulation process is to be interpreted as a vital phenomenon. Compression of cervical vessels resulted in statistically significant differences between phospholipid concentrations in serum of heart and sinus blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099164
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Space wave field produced by a vertical electric dipole above a rough surface (1975)
    Springer
    Applied physics 6 (1975), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Rough surface ; Perturbation method ; Tropospheric propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present diffraction problem is solved by means of a perturbation calculus in the transition conditions and by repeated application of the method of steepest descent to two-dimensional Fourier integrals. We obtain a reflection coefficient for the rough surface resulting in a geometrical-optics approximation for the space wave field strength. In the case of a periodic roughness profile the application of the method of steepest descent in the transform space can be avoided and we get the electromagnetic field through differentiation of the Bromwich potentials. The numerical results of the two methods are discussed in the case of a one-dimensional cosine profile. We show that the influence of the earth's roughness increases with increasing receiver heights and fixed receiver distance. On the other hand, we point out that the geometric optical approach is a rather good approximation for the space wave field strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883547
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed loop antennas (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 84
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A rather simple and general analysis allows calculation of the transient response of many different radiators of practical interest directly in the time domain without the knowledge of the corresponding time harmonic field. Here, we present exact expressions for the transient near-and far-fields around thin circular current loops of arbitrary dimensions involving arbitrarily time-varying excitation. The resulting convolution integrals have been numerically evaluated for “step”-function currents with finite rise time, thus allowing interpretation of the different influence of small and large loops on the transient radiation field. The physical background of the time history of the ideal step-function response is discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920615
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transient response of a dielectric layer (1974)
    Springer
    Applied physics 3 (1974), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Transient response ; Dielectric layer ; Tropospheric propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transient response of an atmospheric surface duct will be studied when the distance between receiving and transmitting end is arbitrarily chosen. The duct model used is that of Kahan and Eckart, consisting of a layer of relative permittivity ε1 overlying an infinitely conducting plane earth. At heighth, this permittivity decreases discontinuously to the value ε2. The source of the electromagnetic field is assumed to be a vertical magnetic dipole at the height ξ (ξ〈h) above the surface of the earth with arbitrary time varying moment. The application of two integral transforms to the wave equation for the Fitzgerald vector — a Laplace transform in time and a two-dimensional Fourier transform in the horizontal coordinates in space — leads, under consideration of initial, boundary and transition conditions, to an integral representation of the solution of the wave equation in transform space. A series expansion with respect to the images of the primary source permits us to extend a method of Cagniard, de Hoop and Frankena to the case where the position of the source is in the medium of greater permittivity. Thus we get the step-function solution of the problem as an infinite sum of definite integrals over finite intervals by distinguishing between cases where the distance between receiving and transmitting end is greater or less than the total reflection distance. Thus we can give a physically intuitive description of the pulse propagation in a dielectric layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00884494
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient fields of linear antenna arrays (1979)
    Springer
    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 84.40 ; 02
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An approximate analytical method is presented, which allows calculation of the transient field strength of linear antenna arrays. The detailed investigation of a logarithmicperiodic dipole antenna on the base of different degrees of approximation shows the separate influence of the element radii and the transient mutual coupling between neighbouring elements. For a better physical understanding of its transient radiation process the cylindrical linear antenna when excited by a step-function with finite rise time is discussed in detail presenting an extension of a recently published approximate version of the Singularity Expansion Method to nonzero center-loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885930
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the nature of the so-called subsurface longitudinal wave and/or the surface longitudinal “creeping” wave (1990)
    Springer
    Research in nondestructive evaluation 2 (1990), S. 59-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic wave field of certain angle beam probes used for nondestructive testing of solid materials, like steel, has been shown to exhibit a so-called subsurface longitudinal wave, i.e., a wavefront traveling with the pressure wave speed having a beam angle of approximate 74° in steel. In addition, this wavefront is supposed to be connected to the stress-free surface via a headwave, which radiates a nearly plane wave with shear velocity into the bulk material under an angle of 33°, approximately, and giving rise to a strongly attenuated longitudinal “creeping” wave on the surface. In the present paper we utilize a new numerical scheme for the computation of elastodynamic wave fields in nearly arbitrary environments, called elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT), to predict the above-mentioned wave features quantitatively. Furthermore, we employ several analytical and analytical-numerical integration procedures to evaluate the angle beam probe plane wave spectrum in terms of an inverse spatial Fourier transform. This gives rise to a theoretical interpretation of the physical origin of the numerically computed EFIT wavefronts. Essential results are as follows: the particular wavefronts of angle beam probes, as referred to in this paper, are exclusively associated with afinite aperture radiating into an elastic half-space; they cannot be explained in terms ofsingle homogeneous and inhomogeneousplane waves. The subsurface longitudinal wave emerges from the superposition of the edge pressure waves of the transducer, resulting in a propagation with pressure wave speed, but, in the near-field, where it is often employed, it is not longitudinally polarized. On the surface, and very close to it, the superposition of the subsurface longitudinal wave and the head waves associated with the probe edges gives rise to a strongly attenuated wavefront exhibiting longitudinal as well as transverse particle displacement components, but neither a surface wave nor a creeping wave is really involved. The bulk shear wavefront is not an appendix of the head wave but the “geometric optical” shear wave radiation pattern of the finite probe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606421
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential and limits of holographic reconstruction algorithms (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 2 (1981), S. 85-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Holographic reconstruction ; ultrasound ; NDE ; Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For the purpose of ultrasonic nondestructive testing of materials, holography in connection with digital reconstruction algorithms has been proposed as a modern tool to extract crack sizes from ultrasonic scattering data. Defining the typical holographic reconstruction algorithm as the application of the scalar Kirchhoff diffraction theory to backward wave propagation, we demonstrate its general incapability of reconstructing equivalent sources, and hence, geometries of scattering bodies. Only the special case of a planar measurement recording surface, that is to say, a hologram plane, and a planar crack with perfectly rigid boundary conditions parallel to the hologram plane and perpendicular to the incident field yields a nearly perfect correlation between crack size and reconstructed image; the reconstruction algorithm is then referred to as the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formula; it therefore represents the optimal case matched to that special geometrical situation and, hence, may be interpreted as a quasi-matched spatial filter. Using integral equation theory and physical optics, we compute synthetic holographic data for a linear cracklike scatterer for both plane and spherical wave incidence, the latter case simulating a synthetic aperture impulse echo situation, thus illustrating how the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld algorithm or its Fresnel approximation increasingly fail for cracks inclined to the hologram plane and excited nonperpendicularly. Furthermore, we point out how the physical data recording process may additionally influence the reconstruction accuracy, and, finally, guidelines for a careful and serious application of these holographic reconstruction algorithms are given. The theoretical results are supported by measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A system model to predict the results of ultrasonic scattering experiments (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 13 (1994), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; modeling ; ultrasonic scattering experiment ; system model ; reciprocity identity ; elastic plane wave spectral decomposition ; elastodynamic Huygens principle ; striplike crack ; Tandem inspection ; LLT inspection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A system model is presented for the computation of ultrasonic scattering experiments. It includes a two-dimensional transducer model, whose diffraction field is given as an elastic plane wave spectral decomposition. An electromechanical reciprocity theorem is used to calculate the voltage at the terminal of the receiver. As a flaw-model, we use a strip-like crack, whose scattered field is calculated by the elastodynamic Huygens principle including mode conversion effects. Results in the time domain are presented for LLT- and 45° -tandem inspection situations and compared with measurements. Agreement between the model predictions and experimental results is typical to within 2 dB for average scan amplitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00728252
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