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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Carbohydrate Research 245 (1993), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0008-6215
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 50 (1993), S. 247-255 
    ISSN: 0022-4073
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Cystinosis ; Transplantation ; Proteinuria ; Polyuria ; Graft thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Because cystinotic patients are polyuric and may have severe proteinuria, each of which is a potential risk factor for graft thrombosis, preemptive transplantation for them is questionable. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in urine volume and protein excretion at various stages of cystinosis, determine whether there is serologic evidence of hypercoagulability, and review the clinical experience in renal transplantation in cystinotic children. The records of cystinotic patients followed at the Montréal Children’s Hospital between 1992 and 1998 were reviewed. Urinary volume, protein excretion, and coagulation markers were collected to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 〉50 ml/min/1.73 m2, 〈20 ml/min/1.73 m2, before and after starting dialysis. In addition, graft failure and graft thrombosis rates were obtained from the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) database. Urinary volume and protein excretion remained elevated throughout different phases of the disease. Coagulation factors were within normal limits for all patients. In the NAPRTCS database there were four thromboses among the 114 patients transplanted cystinotic patients. All these occurred in cadaveric grafts and only one occurred after preemptive transplantation. Despite polyuria and severe proteinuria, children with cystinosis do not appear to be at an increased risk of graft failure or graft thrombosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 43 (2005), S. 283-294 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. We investigate the process of ripple formation in a viscous fluid when a sand bed is submitted to a laminar shear flow. We propose a new description for the sand transport which takes into account the fact that the transport rate does not adapt instantaneously to a change of the fluid velocity due to grain inertia. It introduces a new length, called here after equilibrium length leq, corresponding to the distance needed for a immobile grain to equilibrate its velocity with that of the fluid. The transport rate is therefore found to depend not only on the fluid shear stress and bed slope (as usually assumed) but also on grain inertia. Within the framework of this model we analyzed the mechanisms of the sand bed instability. It is found that the instability results from the competition between the destabilizing effect of fluid inertia and the stabilizing ones of grain inertia and bed slope. We derive analytical scaling laws for the most amplified wavelength, its growth rate and phase velocity. We found in particular that at small particle Reynolds number Rep, the most amplified wavelength scales as the viscous length lν defined as $\sqrt{\nu/\gamma}$ (where γ is the shear rate and ν the fluid viscosity) and at large Rep it scales as the equilibrium length leq. Our results are compared with available experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 29 (1994), S. 569-583 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract For an ageing process involving the consumption of a small molecule (typically O2 or H2O) by reaction with the polymer, there are critical conditions of reaction rate and/or thickness above which the process becomes kinetically controlled by the diffusion of the small molecule in the polymer. Suitable lifetime prediction models must then involve the thickness distribution of reaction products. This latter can be predicted from Fick's law, modified by a term relative to the rate of consumption of the diffusing species by the chemical reaction. Some problems related to the use of this approach are examined here. It appears that, in the most frequent case, the thickness of the degraded layer is of the order of magnitude of D/k, where D is the diffusion coefficient and k the pseudo-first-order rate constant for reactant consumption. Some examples of application related to photochemical, radiochemical and thermochemical ageing are examined. It can, for instance, be shown that in photochemical or radiochemical ageing, the thickness of the oxidized layer (TOL) is proportional to the reciprocal of l β, where l is the radiation intensity and Β an exponent depending essentially on the radical chain mechanism. It is generally expected that in the case of thermal ageing, the TOL is a decreasing function of the temperature. Some consequences of diffusion control on accelerated and natural ageing methods are briefly examined. The consequences of the ageing-induced “skin-core” structure due to the diffusion control are examined. The main features of the observed polymer embrittlement can be explained in terms of fracture mechanics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 208 (1993), S. 47-64 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die thermische Alterung von extrudierten Proben von mit Elektronenstrahlen vernetztem linearem Polyethylen wurde im Temperaturbereich von 110-170°C untersucht. Kurz- und langfristige Veränderungen der mechanischen (Dehnungs-)Eigenschaften wurden beobachtet; die entsprechenden Alterungsmechanismen werden auf der Basis ergänzender Sol-Gel-, Dichte-, FTIR- sowie gravimetrischer Messungen und Zugversuche an Mikrotomschnitten diskutiert.Zwei Mechanismen führen zu kurzfristigen Eigenschaftsänderungen: eine Nachvernetzung und eine Änderung der Kristallstruktur (bei Proben oberhalb ihrer Schmelztemperatur). Im vorliegenden Fall wurden die Polymeren im festen Zustand vernetzt, so daß die Änderung der Kristallstruktur zu einer erkennbaren Abnahme der Streckspannung (ca. 5 MPa) führte.Die langfristigen Veränderungen treten nach dem Ende der Oxidationsinduktionsperiode auf. Sie können als Übergang vom zähen in den spröden Zustand interpretiert werden, der durch Strukturänderungen sowohl auf molekularer (durch Kettenspaltung) als auch makroskopischer Ebene (durch diffusionskontrollierte Kinetik der Oxidation verursachte Kern-Schale-Struktur) hervorgerufen wird. Durch IR- und DSC-Analysen wurde festgestellt, daß wahrnehmbare Änderungen in der Dehnung erst kurz vor dem Ende der Induktionsperiode auftreten.
    Notes: The thermal aging of extruded samples of electron beam-crosslinked linear polyethylene has been studied in the 110-170°C temperature range. Short and long term changes of mechanical (tensile) properties were observed, and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed on the basis of complementary sol-gel and gravimetric measurements on whole samples, and density, FTIR and tensile testing on microtome sections.Two mechanisms are involved in short term changes: a post-crosslinking and a change of the crystalline morphology (for samples exposed above the melting point). The latter effect is especially important in the case under study where the polymer was crosslinked in the solid state and leads to a noticeable decrease (∼5 MPa) of the yield stress.The long term changes take place after the end of the induction period of oxidation. They can be interpreted in terms of ductile-brittle transition induced by structural changes occurring on the macromolecular level (chain scission) as well as macroscopically (core-shell structure resulting of the diffusion control of oxidation kinetics). It appears that noticeable changes of ultimate elongation occur just before the end of the induction period as detected by IR or DSC method.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal oxidation of β ray-crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) was studied in temperatures ranging from 90 to 180°C. Various analytical methods were used for determination of an end of the induction period on bulk samples: gravimetry, ultimate tensile properties, density and color change. On microtome slices of ∼30 μm thickness the depth distribution of oxidation products, phenolic antioxidant, density and tensile ultimate properties were followed as a function of exposure time by respectively IR and UV spectrophotometry, densitometry and Microfoil Tensile Testing.Depending on the testing method different durations of induction period (DIP) were obtained. They increase in following order:Phenol depletion 〈 Ultimate elongation 〈 Density 〈 Carbonyl build-up ≤ Color change 〈 Weight loss.The difference between phenol depletion DIP and carbonyl build-up DIP can be considered as negligible at temperatures higher than the melting point (about 30%) but it reachs more than 100% at T〈 Tm.Different kinetic regimes of phenol consumption were observed depending on the exposure temperature. A mechanistic interpretation is proposed explaining the role of the stabilizer system in initially homogeneous and later heterogeneous oxidation of the bulk material.The Arrhenius law was applied to different durations of induction period. A discontinuity appeared in the melting point region (120-130°C) which is tentatively interpreted in terms of different stabilizer concentration in amorphous phase of semicrystalline material (T 〈 Tm) and in melt material (T 〉 Tm). On the basis of the presented complex study of polyethylene thermo-oxidation, different aspects of lifetime predictions are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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