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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 4 (1956), S. 1035-1038 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 3 (1955), S. 1039-1041 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 120 (1994), S. 443-446 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract AdultLuidia clathrata (Say) were held at salinities lower and higher (25 to 35‰) than environmental salinity (29‰) during gametogenesis and after sperm and primary oocytes were produced. The sperm and primary oocytes acclimated to the experimental salinities in both cases. Fertilization and development through gastrulation were not affected at the salinities at which the parents were held, but were affected at altered salinities. This indicates that intracellular osmoregulation can occur both during gametogenesis and after the stage of arrested activity has been reached. This is an important capacity forL. clathrata, which lives in estuaries with variable salinities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two morphs of the asteroid genus Echinaster, E. Type 1 and E. Type 2, have reciprocal annual cycles of reproduction and nutrient storage. The pyloric caeca (storage organs) reach maximal size over winter then decrease with increasing gametogenic activity in the spring. E. Type 1 broadcasts buoyant eggs in late May to early June. E. Type 2 deposits benthic eggs in late April. Lecithotrophic larval development is similar in both morphs except that larvae of E. Type 1 undergo a brief planktonic phase. E. Type 1 reaches sexual maturity at a larger size, expends a lower reproductive effort but has a greater absolute reproductive output than E. Type 2. E. Type 2 produces fewer, larger eggs and has a greater parental investment per egg. In both morphs, females have much higher gonadal lipid levels than males and expend a higher reproductive effort in terms organic matter and energy. Reproductive effort, reproductive output, nutrient storage in the pyloric caeca and body size varied between populations and between years in each morph. Egg size and parental investment per egg were constant. Within-morph variability is attributed to differences in nutritional state. Differences in reproductive strategy support the hypothesis that the morphs are separate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 52 (1979), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The high-energy windward coasts with narrow rocky intertidal regions (Oistens, River Bay) at Barbados, West Indies, had abundant macroscopic algae (mainly Sargassum sp.) and populations of Holothuria glaberrima Selenka and Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus), while protected ones with a wide rocky intertidal had sparse macroscopic algae and populations of E. lucunter only. The low-energy leeward coasts with wide rocky intertidal regions (Six Men's Bay, Payne's Bay) had no macroscopic algae in the surf zone and populations of E. lucunter only. Numerical densities of E. lucunter were high in all localities; the highest level of 144 m-2 was found at Six Men's Bay; numerical densities of H. glaberrima were high at both Oistens and River Bay, the highest level of 36 m-2 being recorded at River Bay. The caloric density of H. glaberrima at River Bay was 412 kcal m-2. The highest combined density of H. glaberrima and E. lucunter was at Oistens (632 kcal m-2, with 254 kcal m-2 being due to E. lucunter). The highest caloric density of E. lucunter at Six Men's Bay was 482 kcal m-2. Dependence on suspended food probably restricts H. glaberrima to high-energy environments while E. lucunter has an additional food source through its ability to scrape the rock substratum. E. lucunter may be more efficient in catching drift food. Mortality is suggested to be the basis of the failure of E. lucunter to displace H. glaberrima from the high-energy location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory experiments were conducted on Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) collected from Missouri Key, Florida, USA, to ascertain the effects of arm regeneration on energy storage and gonad production. In each experiment individuals were divided into non-regenerating (all arms intact) and regenerating (three arms autotomized) groups and maintained together in a re-circulating seawater system for 2 mo. In Experiment 1, individuals were fed once a week, and in Experiment 2 once every 2 wk. The amount of food energy required for maintenance was estimated to be 0.172 kJ d−1. The lower feeding level (Experiment 2) was below maintenance ration and both groups lost material relative to an initial group. At the higher feeding level (Experiment 1), regeneration of three arms resulted in less storage of organic material, mainly lipid in the stomach, and less gonad production. Thus, regeneration may reduce energy reserves and reproductive output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemoreception was studied in Luidia clathrata (Say), collected from Old Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, in June 1983. L. clathrata has chemotactic responses to compounds associated with its preferred dietary items. This seastar responded most strongly to L-cysteine, L-cystine, L-isoleucine and L-glutamic acid, compounds associated with fleshy animal foods. Sugars (sucrose, maltose and lactose), compounds associated with plant and detrital foods, were also stimulatory, but less so than the aminoacids. The seastar showed a strong response to the freshtissue component, betaine. The excretory product ammonium, indicative of metabolic activity of live prey, elicited a weak response. Chemotactic responses were concentration-dependent. Concentration-response curves for L-cysteine, L-isoleucine, and L-glutamic acid are steeply sloped and have response-dose50 values within the range of 1×10-8 and 1×10-5 M. L. clathrata is adapted to sensing concentration gradients at levels which could be expected in its environment. Distance chemoreception is an important component of both search behavior and food discrimination for this seastar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 33 (1975), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Utilization of marine plants and their constituents by bacteria isolated from the guts of echinoids was investigated to determine the potential role bacteria may have in carbohydrate digestion in echinoids. Bacteria from the guts of the regular echinoids Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) and Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) could physically degrade the marine plants Ulva lactuca and Eucheuma nudum, but not Caulerpa prolifera. Diplanthera wrightii and Thalassia testudinum were only slightly degraded by the gut bacteria. Bacteria from the guts of the irregular echinoids Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) and Encope aberrans (Martens) could not physically degrade any of these marine plants. Mixed and some isolated bacteria from the gut of L. variegatus could utilize xylose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, laminarin, carageenan, starch and agar, but not cellulose or chitin. The results with isolates suggest that the bacteria of the echinoid gut are fairly non-selective. The bacteria of the guts of the two regular echinoids could utilize certain marine plants that the echinoids eat and certain of the plant constituents. The bacteria could not utilize plant fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 65 (1981), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The levels of ash, lipid, carbohydrate, protein and calories in the body walls of 3 abyssal holothuroids of the Bay of Biscay [Benthogone rosea Koehler, Paelopatides gigantea (Verrill) and Psychropotes longicauda Theel] are similar to those found in the body walls of shallow-water holothuroids. The biomass of abyssal holothuroids in terms of calories comprises an important fraction of the total biomass in the deep sea; at 2 000 m depth, the holothuroids correspond to one-sixth of the total biomass. However, the numerical and caloric densities of abyssal holothuroids are 4 orders of magnitude less than those of shallow-water holothuroids, although the sizes and caloric contents of individuals are of similar magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of Luidia clathrata (Say) to low salinity (17‰ S) results in a decrease in activity and rate of feeding, but has little effect on the absorption efficiency. Growth, as indicated by changes in body size and energy content of the body wall and pyloric caeca, is reduced in low salinity due to a decrease in feeding rate (energy consumption) and to a decrease in efficiency of utilization of material and energy absorbed. The low efficiency indicates that either additional energy is required for maintenance or energy is used inefficiently in low salinity. Thus, L. clathrata is limited energetically in low salinities, although it lives and reproduces there.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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