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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4782-4784 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Using four magnetic layers, NiFe, NiFeCo, NiFeCo*, and Co with different coercivities, NiFe/Cu/NiFeCo/Cu/NiFeCo*/Cu/Co multilayered structure has been prepared on 4° tilt-cut Si(111) substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. Co, NiFeCo*, and NiFeCo are used as storage layers and NiFe used as a sensing layer. With proper external magnetic fields applied three memory levels can be separated. After separating the memory levels, six memory states can be distinguished with the magnetization reversal of the sensing layer, NiFe. As the spacer Cu thickness decreases, the interaction with the other magnetic layers increases gradually to ferromagnetic interaction. With 2 nm Cu spacer, we could see that the switching field of the hardest magnetic layer decreased by about 30%, compared to other cases. In order to demonstrate the industrial applicability, samples have been patterned by conventional photolithography technology into small size and its switching characteristics in small size have also been confirmed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3995-3997 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: NiFe/Cu/Co trilayers have been prepared on 4° tilt-cut Si (111) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering method. When a Cu(50 Å) underlayer was deposited prior to the formation of the trilayer, NiFe and Co layers consisting of the trilayer developed in-plane magnetic anisotropy where the easy axes were perpendicular to each other. This unusual fact could be confirmed from the M-H curves and the corresponding R-H curves of the trilayers. When a small amount of Co was added to NiFe layer to form a NiFeCo/Cu/Co trilayer, the easy axes of NiFeCo and Co layers turned out to be aligned along the same direction so that perfectly square R-H curves could be obtained. In [NiFeCo(60 Å)/Cu(25 Å)/Co(30 Å)]/Cu(50 Å)/Si(111, 4° tilt-cut) samples, 5.5% of MR ratio was obtained at room temperature, and the maximum and minimum MR values could be obtained at zero external magnetic field in the minor R-H curves. According to the R-H curves, it has been believed that NiFe/Cu/Co trilayers on 4° tilt-cut Si (111) substrate are suitable for switching devices and NiFeCo/Cu/Co trilayers for a memory application. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: L(+)-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a key enzyme in anaerobic metabolism which converts pyruvate to lactate. LDH from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Methanococcus jannaschii has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized in two crystal forms at 297 K using 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as precipitant. Type I crystals grew rapidly and diffracted to at least 2.8 Å Bragg spacing upon exposure to Cu Kα X-rays. X-ray diffraction data to 2.9 Å have been collected from a native crystal. The type I crystal is tetragonal, belonging to the space group P42212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 99.74, c = 170.00 Å. The asymmetric unit contains two LDH subunits, with a corresponding crystal volume per protein mass (Vm) of 3.05 Å3 Da−1 and a solvent content of 59.7%. Type II crystals, which grew more slowly, diffracted to at least 1.8 Å Bragg spacing upon exposure to Cu Kα X-rays. X-ray diffraction data to 1.9 Å have been collected from a native crystal. The type II crystal is orthorhombic, belonging to the space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 47.65, b = 125.10, c = 58.08 Å. The asymmetric unit contains a single LDH subunit, with a corresponding crystal volume per protein mass (Vm) of 2.50 Å3 Da−1 and a solvent content of 50.8%. Therefore, the type II crystal is more suitable for high-resolution structure determination than the type I crystal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 57 (2001), S. 1147-1149 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for cell viability. It has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and has been crystallized at 296 K using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 as a precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 59.48, b = 138.54, c = 157.91 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Two molecules of trimeric dUTPase from S. cerevisiae are present in the asymmetric unit, giving a crystal volume per protein mass (VM) of 3.36 Å3 Da−1 and a solvent content of 63%. The diffraction limit of the crystals could be significantly extended by the crystal-annealing procedure. A set of native data extending to 2.7 Å resolution has been collected at 100 K using synchrotron X-rays.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: A 110-residue protein encoded by the TM1442 gene of Thermotoga maritima shows amino-acid sequence similarity to Bacillus subtilis anti-anti-sigma factors RsbV and SpoIIAA. It has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein exists primarily as both a monomer and a dimer in solution. The dimeric form has been crystallized using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 as a precipitant. Native X-ray diffraction data have been collected at 100 K to 2.0 Å resolution. The crystals are monoclinic, belonging to the space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 31.54 (13), b = 116.83 (37), c = 31.39 (7) Å, α = 90, β = 119.84 (9), γ = 90°. The asymmetric unit contains two monomers of the recombinant polypeptide, with a corresponding VM of 2.24 Å3 Da−1 and a solvent content of 45.0%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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