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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Pump as Gas Sampler (1933)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 5 (1933), S. 354-356 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50085a035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Quality-Adjusted Life Year Weights with Dose-Response Models for Public Health Decisions: A Case Study of the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption (2000)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 20 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Risks associated with toxicants in food are often controlled by exposure reduction. When exposure recommendations are developed for foods with both harmful and beneficial qualities, however, they must balance the associated risks and benefits to maximize public health. Although quantitative methods are commonly used to evaluate health risks, such methods have not been generally applied to evaluating the health benefits associated with environmental exposures. A quantitative method for risk-benefit analysis is presented that allows for consideration of diverse health endpoints that differ in their impact (i.e., duration and severity) using dose-response modeling weighted by quality-adjusted life years saved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, the risks and benefits of fish consumption are evaluated using a single health risk and health benefit endpoint. Benefits are defined as the decrease in myocardial infarction mortality resulting from fish consumption, and risks are defined as the increase in neurodevelopmental delay (i.e., talking) resulting from prenatal methylmercury exposure. Fish consumption rates are based on information from Washington State. Using the proposed framework, the net health impact of eating fish is estimated in either a whole population or a population consisting of women of childbearing age and their children. It is demonstrated that across a range of fish methylmercury concentrations (0–1 ppm) and intake levels (0–25 g/day), individuals would have to weight the neurodevelopmental effects 6 times more (in the whole population) or 250 times less (among women of child-bearing age and their children) than the myocardial infarction benefits in order to be ambivalent about whether or not to consume fish. These methods can be generalized to evaluate the merits of other public health and risk management programs that involve trade-offs between risks and benefits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.204050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity of Stagonospora nodorum requires malate synthase (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 53 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A gene encoding malate synthase, a key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, has been cloned and characterized in the necrotrophic wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum. Expression studies of Mls1 showed high levels of transcript in ungerminated spores whereas malate synthase enzyme activities were low. Expression studies in planta found that Mls1 transcript levels decreased ≈ 10-fold upon germination before slowly increasing throughout the remainder of the infection. To characterize Mls1 further, the gene was disrupted in S. nodorum by homologous recombination. In the absence of any supplied carbon source, the mls1 spores were unable to germinate and consequently the mutants were non-pathogenic. Germination and pathogenicity could be restored by the addition of either glucose or sucrose, implying that S. nodorum is reliant upon the catabolism of lipids for infection. Furthermore, analysis of lipid bodies in the mutant strain indicated that lipid mobilization and, consequently, peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids is delayed or inhibited by the disruption of the glyoxylate cycle. This study has demonstrated for the first time in a fungal phytopathogen the requirement of malate synthase for pathogenicity, suggesting that gluconeogenesis is both dependent on the glyoxylate cycle and required for infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04178.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why reinvent risk? (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature biotechnology 21 (2003), S. 229-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] To the editor: I read with great interest the two commentaries in the November issue by Goklany (Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1075, 2002) and Auberson-Huang (Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1076–1078, 2002) regarding the risk assessment and the “precautionary principle” as applied to genetically ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0303-229a
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a probabilistic blood lead prediction model (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Lead ; exposure ; probabilistic ; Monte Carlo ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A partially probabilistic blood lead prediction model has been developed, based on the US Environmental Protection Agency integrated exposure-uptake-biokinetic blood lead model (IEUBK model). This study translated the IEUBK model into a spreadsheet format. The uptake submodel incorporates uncertainty distributions for exposure and bioavailability parameters. The biokinetic submodel is duplicated with a table incorporating partitioning and decay of lead levels in the body. As a case study, the probabilistic model is applied to a lead exposure scenario involving a former smelter site in Sandy, Utah. The probabilistic model produces less biased estimates of means and standard deviations than the deterministic model. Parameter uncertainty is propagated in the model by the use of Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, sensitivity analysis is possible, and driving variables can be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00661329
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probabilistic prediction of exposures to arsenic contaminated residential soil (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; exposure ; soil ; children ; Monte Carlo ; probabilistic ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Probabilistic modelling using Monte Carlo simulation has been proposed as a more scientifically valid method of estimating soil contaminant exposures than conservative deterministic methods currently used by regulatory agencies. A retrospective application of probabilistic modelling to an exposure scenario involving arsenic-contaminated residential soil near the former ASARCO smelter near Tacoma, Washington is presented. The population of interest is children, aged 2–6 years, living within one-half mile (0.3 km) of the smelter site. Models that predict urinary arsenic levels based on unintentional soil ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways are used. Distributions of exposure variables are based on site-specific data and previous exposure studies. Simulated urinary arsenic levels are compared with data from two biomonitoring studies performed during the late 1980s. Arsenic distributions produced by simulation and biomonitoring are significantly different, and likely contributors to this difference are discussed. However the probabilistic model provides closer estimations of urinary arsenic levels than conservative deterministic models similar to those used by regulatory agencies, and provides useful information regarding parameter uncertainty. Soil ingestion rate was a driving variable in the probabilistic models. Further quantification of soil ingestion rates is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00661328
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ingestion of alcohol on human respiratory exchange (oxygen consumption and R. Q.) during rest and muscular work (1938)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 10 (1938), S. 130-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparisons are drawn of metabolism measurements made on a man under basal conditions, after ingestion of 30 and 50 cc., respectively, of absolute alcohol in a 250-cc. water solution, and after control doses of water and saccharin. With theBenedict helmet and opencircuit system observations were made with the subject at rest, during work (bicycle ergometer), and during recovery following work. Each experiment lasted 3 hours and comprised consecutive periods, usually of 15 minutes' duration. The work was performed immediately after or 1 hour after ingestion of the dose and lasted for 1 hour at the rate of 275 kg./m., 1/2 hour at 550 kg./m., 2 hours at 275 kg./m., or 2 hours at 415 kg./m. per minute. The metabolism of alcohol, as indicated by the course of the R. Q. and the oxygen absorption, proceeded at about the same rate irrespective of whether the subject was at rest or engaged in muscular activity. This was true in all experiments save those when the subject rested for 1 hour before beginning work after alcohol ingestion. These exceptions suggest that the period of time during which work is done after alcohol ingestion may be of effect upon the rate of alcohol combustion. The efficiency of performance of work (relation between the heat equivalent of work performed and the energy expenditure) was slightly greater in some experiments, slightly lower in others, and practically unchanged in others after alcohol ingestion. Calculation of the increments above the pre-work base-line values in R. Q., carbon-dioxide production, and oxygen consumption in the periods of work and recovery following alcohol ingestion and calculation of the changes in catabolism of carbohydrate and fat during work and recovery lead also to the conclusion that muscular work does not increase the combustion of alcohol. Comparison of the heat production of the subject when at rest and at work and after ingestion of the control and alcohol doses gives no indication of a summation of the separate effects of alcohol ingestion and muscular work when both these factors are superimposed upon the basal metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011255
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of muscular work on the amounts of alcohol in urine, expired air, and blood, after its ingestion by man (1938)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 10 (1938), S. 158-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of disappearance of alcohol from the human body was studied during 3 hours immediately following ingestion of 30 and 50 cc. of alcohol, with the subject (a man) at rest during the entire time or working and resting for different lengths of time. The work lasted 1/2 hour, 1 hour, or 2 hours, and immediately followed the ingestion of alcohol or was preceded by a 1-hour rest period. The rates of work (performed on a bicycle ergometer) were 275, 415, and 550 kg./m. per minute. The muscular work did not appreciably alter the concentration of alcohol in urine, in blood, or in expired air (as shown by measurements of the amounts eliminated per liter of ventilating air current of the respiration apparatus and by estimations of the amounts eliminated per liter of expired air), and the alcohol eliminated per liter of carbon dioxide exhaled was not changed. The amount of alcohol in the ventilating air current was highest in the first 15-minute period after ingestion and gradually decreased to a very low level in the 3 hours, under conditions both of rest and of work. When the subject was working, the amounts eliminated in the 15-minute periods were greater than when he was at rest and were greater the severer the work, due to the increased total ventilation of the lungs, but after the work ceased the period values approached those found in the same time interval after ingestion in the rest experiments. The total amount of alcohol eliminated in the ventilating air current during 3 hours after ingestion was doubled or more than doubled by 2 hours' work at 275 and 415 kg./m. per minute. The percentage of the total amount ingested that was eliminated in the ventilating air current was from 0.4 to 0.7 in the rest experiments and from 0.9 to 1.6 in the work experiments. The total amount eliminated in the urine and the expired air was from 0.8 to 1.6 per cent in the rest experiments and from 1.1 to 2.1 per cent in the work experiments. The disappearance of alcohol through these paths plays only a small rÔle in reducing the amount of alcohol in the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011256
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of muscular work on the metabolism of man after the ingestion of sucrose and galactose (1938)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 10 (1938), S. 172-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The respiratory exchange was studied in three-hour experiments with a man, both at rest and at work, after ingestion of 70 g. of sucrose and 50 g. of galactose, respectively. The work consisted in riding a bicycle ergometer at the rate of 275 kg./m. per minute for one hour followed by two hours' recovery, or at the rate of 550 kg./m. for one-half hour followed by two and one-half hours' recovery. Comparison of the time relationships in the occurrence of the maximum respiratory quotients and the maximum increases in oxygen absorption after sugar ingestion in rest experiments implies that the intermediary metabolism of sucrose is different from that of galactose. More cane sugar was burned during work than during rest, but this was not the case with galactose. It is questionable whether muscular work has any effect on the metabolism of galactose, except apparently to accelerate the reaction after the ingestion of the sugar. The after-effect of the ingestion of sucrose or galactose and the after-effect of the muscular work lasted for only one-quarter hour after the work (one hour's work at 275 kg./m. per minute) ceased. The metabolic effect of sugar ingestion accompanied by work did not represent a summation of the effect of the ingestion of the sugar (either sucrose or galactose) at rest and the effect of muscular work without sugar. When sugar ingestion was combined with muscular work the efficiency of performance of work was better than when work was performed without sugar. Ingestion of galactose enabled slightly more efficient performance of work at 275 kg./m. per minute than did the ingestion of sucrose. Work accompanied by ingestion of sucrose was carried on more efficiently at the rate of 550 kg./m. per minute for one-half hour than when the same amount of work was accomplished at half this rate. In the more intense work more of the ingested sugar was utilized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011257
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of breathing oxygen-rich atmospheres on human respiratory exchange during severe muscular work and recovery from work (1934)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 8 (1934), S. 266-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011142
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