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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods 179 (1981), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 0029-554X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section A 362 (1981), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 0375-9474
    Keywords: Nuclear reactions
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme mit dem Kopfteil (im wesentlichen die der Kiemen) und mit der Rumpfhaut sowie die Atemfrequenzen werden bei intakten und operierten Blankaalen, Anguilla vulgaris L., gemessen, wobei die Tiere unterscheedlichen Versuchstemperaturen am Kopf und am Rumpf ausgesetzt sind (Adaptationstemperatur stets 21°C). Das Längenverhältnis zwischen dem Kopfbereich und dem Rumpf betrāgt dabei durchschnittlich 1:4. Den operierten Aalen wird entweder das Rūckenmark etwa 40 mm hinter dem Brustflossenansatz durchtrennt oder von der vorgenannten Stelle bis zur Schwanzspitze ausgebohrt. Die Temperaturbedingungen am Kopf und am Rumpf sind folgende (erste Temperaturangabe = Kopf): 17—17, 17—21, 17—25; 21—17, 21—21, 21—25; 25—17, 25—21 und 25—25°C. Die Trennung in zwei Temperaturbereiche wird mit einer Gummimanschette erreicht. 2. Mit Thermoelementen im Kōrper von Anguilla vulgaris (ūber dem Gehirn, am Herzen und in der dorsalen Muskulatur direkt hinter der Manschette) wird die Temperatur bei den unterschiedlichen Wassertemperaturen am Kopf und am Rumpf im Innern des Aals gemessen. Die Gehirntemperatur wird praktisch nicht durch eine Temperaturānderung des Rumpfes beeinfluβt, die des Herzens nur geringfūgig. 3. Durch die Manschette wird die Sauerstoffaufnahme mit den Kiemen esteigert. 4. Ausgehend von gleichen oder auch ungleichen Temperaturen am Kopf und am Rumpf wird die Temperatur an einem der beiden Körperabschnitte um zunāchst 4 Celsiusgrade verändert. Bei einer Temperaturänderung am Kopf ändert sich die Sauerstoffaufnahme des ganzen Tieres bzw. die der Kiemen sowie die Atemfrequenz bereits merklich; der Effekt kann durch eine weitere 4 Grad-Änderung in der gleichen Richtung noch verstärkt werden. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme mit der Rumpfhaut ist weitgehend unabhāngig von Temperaturänderungen am Kopfteil, doch kann ein gewisser Einfluβ angenommen werden. Bei einer Temperaturänderung um 4 Celsiusgrade am Rumpf ändert sich die Sauerstoffaufnahme des ganzen Tieres und im allgemeinen auch die der Kiemen gleichermaßen wie bei einer. Temperaturverschiebung am Kopf; die Atemfrequenz und die Sauerstoffaufnahme mit der Rumpfhaut werden hingegen erst dann merklich beeinflußt, wenn die Temperatur am Rumpf gegenüber der Ausgangstemperaturbedingung um 8 Celsiusgrade verschoben ist. Gegensinnige Temperaturänderungen um den gleichen Betrag am Kopf und am Rumpf führen weder bei den Kiemen noch bei der Rumpfhaut zu einer nennenswerten Veränderung der Sauerstoffaufnahme und der Atemfrequenz. Gleichsinnige Temperaturänderungen am Kopf und am Rumpf um 4 oder 8 Celsiusgrade haben einen merklichen Einfluß auf die Sauerstoffaufnahme des Kopfteils und im allgemeinen auch auf die der Rumpfhaut. Die Atemfrequenz ändert sich bedeutend. Gegen- bzw. gleichsinnige Temperaturänderungen am Kopf und am Rumpf um unterschiedlich große Beträge passen zu den oben gemachten Feststellungen über die Veränderungen der Sauerstoffaufnahme und der temfrequenz. 5. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme der operierten Aale āhnelt derjenigen der intakten Tiere. Dagegen sind merkliche Unterschiede zwischen den Atemfrequenzen der intakten und operierten Aale zu finden, für die keine Erklärung gegeben werden kann. 6. Für die Versuchstemperaturen 17°, 21° und 25°C wird der Anteil der Sauerstoffaufnahme durch die Haut an der gesamten Sauerstoffaufnahme aus den Meβwerten der Rumpfhaut gesch°tzt. Der Absolutbetrag nimmt mit steigender Temperatur zu, der Anteil an der gesamten Sauerstoffaufnahme hingegen ab. 7. Die Meβergebnisse werden diskutiert und eine Erklärung für die Regulation der Sauerstoffaufnahme mit den Kiemen bei Anguilla vulgaris versucht.
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the result of an investigation into the regulation of oxygen intake in silver eels, Anguilla vulgaris L. Measurements of oxygen intake in intact and operated animals were taken both for gills and body skin. The temperatures of head and body could be varied independently from each other, so that the eels could be exposed to identical or differing head and body temperatures; the spinal cord of operated eels was either cut through just below the head or destroyed in the body region. In comparison with intact eels, oxygen intake of operated individuals shown no significant change due to the destruction of the central nervous system. In general, oxygen intake of the gills shifts noticeably after temperature changes of as little as 4°C, administered at the head region or the body; this shift appears first in the body skin after an 8°C-change in the body. Changes in head temperature produce no significant change in oxygen intake of the body skin. According to temperature measurements conducted by thermo-couples, a temperature change in the body is not transferred to the brain. It is assumed that eels are able to “measure” the oxygen tension of their venous blood on its way from the heart to the gills, and to use this information for regulating their oxygen intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 479-490 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Unanaesthetized cat ; Cerebellum ; Cerebellar somatotopy ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In unanaesthetized cats with intact neuraxis the relation between the cutaneous receptive fields of Purkyně cells and the position of these cells in the vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe was studied with the specific question whether this cerebellar area exhibits any kind of somatotopy in the absence of central anaesthesia. To establish the receptive fields the skin of all four limbs and of the trunk was probed with mechanical stimuli (taps, air-jets, pressure). The recording sites in the vermis were determined histologically. 2. In regard to the mossy fiber transmitted input none of the four limbs showed a dominant representation in one or more of the lobules rostral of the fissura prima or in a parasagittal section. For the ipsilateral limbs there is a greater mossy fiber input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (84 ∶ 59%), and a reversed preponderance for lobule II (45 ∶ 80%) but this indication of a somatotopic arrangement is not unequivocally paralleled by the other mossy fiber inputs. 3. Also in regard to the climbing fiber input no distinct somatotopical arrangement has been detected. Again it has been noted that the ipsilateral inputs have a somewhat greater input to lobule V from the forelimb than from the hindlimb (35 ∶ 22%), and the reverse finding holds true for lobule II (10∶ 45%). 4. The overall results did not change appreciably when the responses were grouped according to their latencies or when the Purkyně cells were classified according to the patterns of convergence of their receptive fields. 5. The absence of a distinct somatotopic organization in the vermis is a direct consequence of the considerable convergence from the cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the limbs onto the individual Purkyně cells which occurs via the mossy and the climbing fiber pathways. It is suggested that this convergence indicates that the vermal Purkyně cells are particularly involved in coordinating the motor activity of forelimbs and hindlimbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 50-62 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Snail Neurones ; Veratridine ; Aconitine ; Tetrodotoxin ; Schneckennervenzellen ; Veratridin ; Aconitin ; Tetrodotoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of veratridine on the electrical properties of giant neurones in the sub-oesophageal ganglion of the snail Helix pomatia has been investigated. 2. Veratridine (10−5 g/ml) caused a depolarization of 14–30 mV. Some of the cells showed slow oscillatory potential changes. The depolarizing effect of veratridine was absent in Na-free saline. 3. Veratridine drastically changed the current-voltage relation: Under voltage clamp conditions the curve was N-shaped, i.e. a branch of negative resistance was obtained. In the current clamp, therefore, a hysteresis curve was observed. The effect depended on the presence of external sodium. 4. Veratridine gave rise to large after-depolarizations of more than 40 sec duration following a short train of spikes. The after-depolarization, but not the spikes, disappeared in Na-free solution. 5. Tetrodotoxin (5×10−6 g/ml) did not influence the veratridine depolarization, the current-voltage curve, the after-depolarization or the spike height. 6. The effects of veratridine are explained by assuming that the alkaloid induces a slow sodium permeability which is voltage dependent and not sensitive to tetrodotoxin. 7. Aconitine (10−4 to 10−3 g/ml) had no effect on the resting potential, the current-voltage relation or the action potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 63-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Snail Neurones ; Potassium Inactivation ; Veratridine ; Schneckennervenzellen ; Kaliuminaktivierung ; Veratridin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Membrane currents associated with long-lasting depolarizations were measured on nerve cells of the snail Helix pomatia using the voltage clamp method. 2. During depolarizing pulses of several seconds duration the delayed outward current markedly declined in an exponential fashion with a time constant of 0.5–1.75 sec at 23–26.5°C. The ratio final outward current: peak outward current decreased with increasing depolarization reaching a value of 0.5 at membrane potentials between −28 and −16 mV. The decline of the outward current is tentatively ascribed to a slow inactivation of the permeability of the delayed channel. 3. In saline with veratridine long depolarizing pulses gave rise to a slowly developing, maintained inward current. At the end of the pulses large tails of inward current occurred which slowly declined in an exponential fashion. The slowly developing, maintained inward current and the inward tail current are carried by sodium ions; they disappear in Na-free saline with veratridine. 4. The voltage and time dependence of the veratridine-induced slow sodium permeability was studied by investigating the effect of pulse height, pulse duration and holding potential on the amplitude of the tail currents. The results were compared with the known effects of veratridine on myelinated nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary If styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization is performed at certain conditions of network formation, regions of relative high segmental density may occur. The segmental density can be monitored directly by the microstructure sensitive fluorescence polarization method. Measurements were made in the pre- and post-gel state at various degrees of conversion depending on the initial composition of the reaction mixture. The results, particularly in situations of high crosslinker content support the currently used models of network formation mechanisms during crosslinking copolymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 631-637 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The segmental density in swollen labeled polystyrene networks and their intermediate products is investigated by the fluorescence polarization method and interpreted in terms of a two-phase model. Within this model it is assumed that the network consists of regions of network chains and regions of higher segmental density at cross-links. It is shown that the degree of swelling and the „shortrange” dependent degree of polarization vary with polymerization time in a different way. These results prove a currently used model for the radical network formation process for styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymerization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzpolarisationsmethode wird die „short-range”-Relaxationseigenschaft indizierter Polymersegmente in gequollenen Polystyrolnetzwerken, in Netzwerkvorstufen und während der radikalischen Netzwerkbildung untersucht und im Hinblick auf die Segmentdichteverteilung diskutiert. Ein „Zwei-Phasen”-Modell, das eine „Netzkettenphase” und eine „Netzstellenphase” aufgrund unterschiedlicher Segmentdichte unterscheidet, wird verwendet, um zu erläutern, daß während der radikalischen Netzwerkbildung weit nach dem Gelpunkt überwiegend elastisch nicht effektive Netzketten gebildet werden. Diese Aussage wird gewonnen durch den Vergleich von Volumenquellungsgrad, als Eigenschaft der „Netzkettenphase”, und Polarisationsgrad, als „short-range”-Eigenschaft der „Netzstellenphase”. Die untersuchten Polymeren wurden durch Abbruch des Netzwerkbildungsprozesses und durch radikalische Polymerisation erhalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Unanesthetized cat ; Cerebellum ; Mossy fiber input ; Climbing fiber input ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Mossy and climbing fiber inputs from cutaneous mechanoreceptors to Purkyně cells of vermis and pars intermedia of the cerebellar anterior lobe were studied in locally anesthetized, paralyzed cats prepared for painless recording sessions. In this preparation the mossy fiber and climbing fiber pathways remain fully functional. Simple spikes and climbing fiber discharges were recorded simultaneously through extracellular glass micro-electrodes and thereafter filtered off from each other for separate, computer-assisted analysis. Controlled mechanical stimulation (air jets, taps, pressure) was performed on the foot pads of all four limbs and on the hairy skin of the limbs and the body. 2. Long term recording of the spontaneous activity of 110 Purkyně cells revealed a simple spike activity of 85 imp./s ± 49 imp./s (mean ± S.D.) and 1.00 ± 0.78 climbing fiber responses per second. 3. Taps to foot pads and air jets to hairy skin revealed that most of the short latency responses via mossy fibers resulted from activation of the receptors of the ipsilateral forefoot. With the same stimuli climbing fiber discharges from the ipsilateral feet were more frequently evoked than from the contralateral feet. Both via mossy and climbing fibers the contralateral hindlimb gave the smallest contribution. 4. Simple spike responses were evoked more commonly by pad stimulation (tap stimuli) than by hair stimulation (air jets). For both types of stimuli excitatory responses were more frequent (3 ∶ 1) than inhibitory ones. Similarly, pad stimulation was more effective than hair stimulation in inducing climbing fiber responses. Ipsilateral stimuli were much more effective than contralateral ones in evoking both simple spike and climbing fiber responses. 5. Steady pressure stimuli modify the Purkyně cell discharges via mossy and climbing fiber pathways. Excitatory and inhibitory effects often of very long duration have been observed via both pathways. Again the ipsilateral forelimb was more effective than the other limbs. Mossy fiber responses were at least three times as common as climbing fiber responses and excitatory responses were more frequent than inhibitory ones. 6. There is no apparent relation between the spontaneous discharge rates of the Purkyně cells and the response magnitudes of the mossy fiber and climbing fiber induced excitatory and inhibitory changes in the impulse pattern of Purkyně cells during steady pressure stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Unanesthetized cat ; Cerebellum ; Purkyně cells ; Mossy fiber fields ; Climbing fiber fields ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In cats with local anaesthesia the cutaneous receptive fields of individual Purkyně cells of the vermis and pars intermedia of the anterior lobe were assessed by recording the simple spike discharges and climbing fiber responses following controlled mechanical stimulation of the foot pads of all four limbs (taps and pressure stimuli) and of the hairy skin (air jets) of the limbs and the body. 2. Exploring the receptive fields with taps and air jets revealed for the mossy fiber transmitted activity that in a population of 93 cells 37 had small receptive fields from the distal areas of one limb only; 28 had discontinuous receptive fields in two limbs and the others had their receptive fields on three or four limbs (multiple discontinuous fields) or over all or almost all of the body surface (widespread fields). 3. Testing with pressure stimuli to the toe pads inside and outside the receptive fields outlined with taps and air jets led to modifications of the simple spike discharges in 86 of 90 cells investigated in this way. Inclusion of these pressure fields increases the percentage of cells with discontinuous multiple mossy fiber transmitted receptive fields on three or four limbs to nearly 70% of our sample of Purkyně cells. 4. Approximately 50% of the cells with mossy fiber transmitted receptive fields also had climbing fiber transmitted fields. With the climbing fiber input the receptive fields were comparable with those for mossy fiber inputs when exploring with taps or air jets. Some additional climbing fiber transmitted cutaneous receptive fields were found with pressure stimuli. These pressure fields were usually restricted to one or two limbs. 5. These findings imply that the mossy fiber transmitted receptive fields of a given Purkyně cell usually extended over a wider area than the climbing fiber transmitted fields. As a rule the (small) climbing fiber fields were overlapped more or less completely by the (large) mossy fiber fields. 6. The receptive fields were either purely excitatory or partly excitatory and partly inhibitory. Pure inhibitory fields were rare. Within a mixed field no dominant pattern has been detected in regard to the arrangement of the excitatory and inhibitory areas. With the multiple fields from three or four limbs, receptive fields of complex composition seem to be the rule rather than the exception. It appears that in samples of cells like the present, each one has its own individuality in regard to shape and extent and in the intermingling of the excitatory and inhibitory field areas from mossy and climbing fiber inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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