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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: Recovery of non-stained and stained proteins from gel slices
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 7 (1983), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0165-022X
    Keywords: displacement electrophoresis ; isoelectric focusing ; isotachophoresis ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; protein recovery
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0165-022X(83)90044-1
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A systematic study on structural and dielectric properties of lead zirconate titanate/(Pb,La)(Zr(1−x)Ti(x))O3 thin films deposited by metallo-organic decomposition technology (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4283-4290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pin-hole free ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr1−xTix)O3 thin films with uniform composition have been fabricated using the metallo-organic precursor compounds, which were carefully home synthesized. The structural development, spectroscopic, and dielectric properties of these films have been systematically investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering, and dielectric measurements. It has been found from our experimental results of PZT 40/60 thin films that the overlapping of (h00) and (00l) peaks of these films in x-ray diffraction patterns, mainly due to the small grain sizes in films, makes it very difficult to distinguish individual diffraction peaks and to identify the phases. However, Raman measurements undoubtedly reveal the Raman spectra of these films in the tetragonal phase field, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool to identify structures, especially in the case of thin films having very small grains. AFM results show that the PZT perovskite structure in films may grow radially by rosettes and that microcracks appear in the three-dimensional AFM pictures at grain boundaries, which may be the cause for easy dielectric breakdown.A striking feature of the AFM observation is that three polycrystalline perovskite regions intersect symmetrically at a point with 120° to each other, and a rosette growth model for the perovskite structure in PZT films is thus proposed to explain this new phenomenon. The excellent ferroelectric properties of these films, such as the high fatigue resistance and low leakage current, are attributed to the high quality of the metallo-organic solutions and to reduce the amount of oxygen vacancies in the films by optimizing the annealing conditions and by doping a suitable amount of La ions to minimize the charge blocking of oxygen vacancy at the interface by Pt electrode. It seems that the rhombohedral PZT films with softer hysteresis loops are suitable for nonvolatile random access memory application. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361797
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Materials Creating the narrowest carbon nanotubes (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 403 (2000), S. 384-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The properties of carbon nanotubes depend on their diameter and on the two integers (m,n) that describe their roll-up vector. The smallest nanotube reported previously had a diameter of 0.7 nm, the same as that of a C60 structure, although nanotubes with a diameter of 0.4 nm have ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35000290
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of the effect of a surfactant on the uptake of xenobiotics into plant foliage by confocal laser scanning microscopy (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 44 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A radiolabelling method is generally used to determine the foliar uptake of xenobiotics. This technique cannot provide any information on the localization of chemicals inside leaf tissues. The influence of an alcohol ethoxylate surfactant on the uptake of three fluorescent dyes, difluorofluorescein (hydrophilic), rhodamine B (moderately lipophilic) and a naphthalimide dye (lipophilic), into the leaves of three contrasting species, bean (Vicia faba), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea), at 16 h after treatment was measured using a conventional wash-off method and also visualized in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Whereas the lipophilic dyes showed greater intrinsic uptake than the hydrophilic one, the enhancing effect of the surfactant on uptake was more pronounced for the latter. CLSM revealed that the presence of the surfactant increased the transport of difluorofluorescein into the epidermal cells of bean and wheat leaves, but not cabbage leaves. Rhodamine B showed greatest transcuticular diffusion in all three species, but most of the dye moved into the vacuole of the epidermal cells. The naphthalimide dye was strongly retained by the wax–cuticle layer of all species, even in the presence of the surfactant. CLSM has proven to be an attractive tool for studying xenobiotic diffusion. The results obtained using fluorescent dyes are believed to be applicable to the foliar uptake of herbicides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00395.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some studies on the resolving power of agarose-based high-performance liquid chromatographic media for the separation of macromolecules
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 296 (1984), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021-9673(01)96405-2
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple method to prepare non-charged, amphiphilic agarose derivatives, for instance for hydrophobic interaction chromatography
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 354 (1986), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021-9673(01)87022-9
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of dominant nuclear male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker in durum and common wheat (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 120 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to develop genie male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker, male-sterile plants, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, were used as female parents against a 4E disomic addition line ‘Xiaoyan Lanli’(2n= 44, AABBDD+4EII) as the male parent to produce monosomic addition lines with blue seed. Male-sterile plants from the monosomic addition lines were pollinated with durum wheat for several generations and in 1989 a male-sterile line with the blue grain gene and the male-sterile gene Ms2 on the same additional chromosome was detected and named line 89-2343. Using this line, the blue seed marker was successfully added to a short male-sterile line containing Ms2 and Rht10. The segregation ratios of male sterility and seed colour as well as the chromosome figurations of different plants indicated that the blue grain genes, Ms2 and Rht10 were located on the same additional chromosome. Cytological analysis showed that the blue marker male-sterile lines in durum wheat and common wheat were monosomic with an additional chromosome 4E. The inheritance ratio for blue seed male-sterile plants and white seed male-fertile plants was 19.7% and 80.3%, respectively, in common wheat. The potential for using blue marker sterile lines in population improvement and hybrid production is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00548.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between hybrid performance and genetic diversity based on RAPD markers in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 118 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were generated from 20 wheat, Triticum aestivum lines. Fifty-four fragments generated by six primers of a 10-mer arbitrary sequence were used to study their potential power in differentiating parents with different characteristics and predicting the yield performance of hybrids produced from these parents. Experimental results showed that the 20 wheat lines were divided into four groups. Group I was characterized by more grains per spike, group II by heavy grains and group III by more spikes per unit area and short plants; group IV was similar to group III but had a much higher biomass yield and grain yield. Hybrids from parents in different groups were generally superior to most hybrids from parents in the same group. Both yield performance and heterosis of hybrids from parents between group I and group III were much better than those of other intergroup hybrids. These results suggest that, based on RAPD markers, it is possible to differentiate wheat lines with different performances and that the classification of parents from these markers is of predictive value for developing superior hybrids. However, genetic distance (GD) based on RAPD markers was not significantly correlated with hybrid performance and heterosis. It appears to be impossible to predict hybrid performance from GD itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118002119.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of ferroelectric 60/40 PZT films deposited by metallo-organic decomposition technology for memory applications (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 5 (1994), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nearly pin-hole-free ferroelectric films of Pb(Zr0.6Ti0.4)O3 (PZT) with uniform compositions and thicknesses were synthesized using metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) technology. The metallo-organic precursors used for these PZT films were lead diethylhexanoate, (Pb(C7H15COO)2), titanium dimethoxy-dineodecanoate (Ti(OCH3)2 (C9 H19 COO)2), and zirconium tetraethylhexanoate (Zr(C7H15COO)4). The film thickness, structural development and electrical properties of these films were characterized using a surface profilometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a standardized RT 66 ferroelectric test system. The effect of the processing conditions on the properties of ferroelectric 60/40 PZT films were investigated. The important processing parameters studied included the substrate history, the spinning speed and time, the film thickness, the pyrolysing temperature and the annealing conditions. The experimental results show that the structural development and electrical properties of these 60/40 PZT films are closely correlated with these processing parameters. The polarization-reversal characteristics and fatigue behaviour, which are important for non-volatile memory applications, were also studied. By optimizing the annealing conditions, a 60/40 PZT film exhibited a dielectric strength of 1 MVcm−1 and a sensed remanent polarization value of 9.3 ΜC cm2 after cycling 1010 times. This demonstrates the excellent potential of PZT films for non-volatile memory applications. The measured dielectric-constant values for these 60/40 PZT films were in the range of 300 to 900, which is about 75 to 220 times larger than that of the currently used dielectric, SiO2, in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). This fact suggests that PZT film is an excellent alternative for the new generation, extremely high-density DRAM applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198950
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman, FT-IR and dielectric studies of PZT 40/60 films deposited by MOD technology (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 6 (1995), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-482X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6) O3 (PZT 40/60) thin films with uniform composition have been fabricated using the metallo-organic precursor compounds lead di-ethylhexanoate Pb(C7H15COO)2, titanium di-methoxy-di-neodecanoate Ti(OCH3)2(C9H19COO)2 and zirconium octoate Zr(C7H15COO)4. These metallo-organic precursors were stored for more than four years and are very stable in ambient conditions, compared to sol-gel solutions. The structural development of these films under different annealing temperatures was systematically studied using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and Raman scattering. The results show that the overlapping of (h 0 0) and (0 0 I) peaks of the PZT 40/60 films in X-ray diffraction patterns, mainly due to the small grain sizes in films, makes it very difficult to distinguish individual diffraction peaks and to identify the phases. In FT-IR measurements, the intensity of Zr/TiO6 metal-oxygen octahedral vibrational modes becomes stronger with increasing annealing temperatures, while the FT-IR spectral peaks of vibrations of the residual carbon ligands (COO−) finally disappear at high temperatures, showing that FT-IR spectroscopy is a good way to monitor the growth of the perovskite phase in PZT 40/60 films. Raman measurements undoubtedly reveal the Raman spectra of these PZT 40/60 films in the tetragonal phase field, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool to identify structures, especially in the case of thin films having small grains. The values of high dielectric constant and the total remanent polarization obtained by ferroelectric pulse measurements show that the PZT film is a suitable material for non-volatile random access memory and dynamic random access memory applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144636
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