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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a novel regulatory gene governing the expression of a polyketide synthase gene in Streptomyces ambofaciens (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A key step in the biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotics is the assembly of a large macrocyclic lactone ring by a multienzyme protein complex called the polyketide synthase. In the species Streptomyces ambofaciens, the polyketide synthase for the assembly of the 16-membered ring of the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin is encoded by the biosynthetic gene srmG. Here we show that the accumulation of transcripts from the srmG promoter is governed by the regulatory gene srmR, whose predicted product, a 65 kDa polypeptide, is not significantly similar in its deduced amino acid sequence to that of previously reported proteins in the protein databases. The srmR gene product is also required for the accumulation of transcripts from srmX, an additional gene in the vicinity of srmR, but not for the accumulation of transcripts from srmR itself. Interestingly, mutations in srmR prevent the accumulation of transcripts from the spiramycin resistance gene srmB, but this is an indirect consequence of the failure of srmR mutants to produce spiramycin, which is an inducer of its own resistance gene. The possibility that srmR is the prototype for a new class of regulatory genes governing early events in the biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotics is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01374.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unusually small gene required for sporulation by Bacillus subtilis (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report the cloning and characterization of an unusually small gene called spoVM whose product Is required for normal formation of the cortex and coat during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. The spoVM gene is adjacent to, and in convergent orientation with, the B. subtilis homologue to the Escherichia coli gene for ribosomal protein L28. The spoVM open reading frame is only 26 codons in length and is capable of encoding a polypeptide of 3 kDa. The short length of spoVM was verified by means of complementation experiments with wild-type and deletion-mutated copies of the open reading frame and by engineering the synthesis of the spoVM gene product in E. coli. Transcription of spoVM was induced during the second hour of sporulation (approximately stage II) by the appearance of the sporulation RNA poly-merase sigma factor, σ;E. Efficient transcription of spoVM additionally required the action of the sporulation DNA-binding protein SpolllD. Because spoVM was not strongly required for the transcription of several genes expressed at late times in development, its protein product is likely to play a morphogenetic rather than a regulatory role in sporulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01736.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A master regulator for biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild strains of Bacillus subtilis are capable of forming architecturally complex communities of cells known as biofilms. Critical to biofilm formation is the eps operon, which is believed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of an exopolysaccharide that binds chains of cells together in bundles. We report that transcription of eps is under the negative regulation of SinR, a repressor that was found to bind to multiple sites in the regulatory region of the operon. Mutations in sinR bypassed the requirement in biofilm formation of two genes of unknown function, ylbF and ymcA, and sinI, which is known to encode an antagonist of SinR. We propose that these genes are members of a pathway that is responsible for counteracting SinR-mediated  repression.  We  further  propose  that  SinR is a master regulator that governs the transition between a planktonic state in which the bacteria swim as single cells in liquid or swarm in small groups over surfaces, and a sessile state in which the bacteria adhere to each other to form bundled chains and assemble into multicellular communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04440.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swarming motility in undomesticated Bacillus subtilis (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 49 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Swarming motility was identified and characterized in an undomesticated strain of Bacillus subtilis. Rapid surface migration was preceded by a cell density-dependent lag period, which could be eliminated if actively swarming cells were used as the inoculum. The leading edge of the swarm was characterized by multicellular rafts of highly flagellated cells. Flagellum biosynthesis and surfactant production were required for swarming. Swarming was not found in any of several standard laboratory strains. Laboratory strains are characteristically unable to produce surfactant, but such a strain remained unable to swarm even when surfactant was provided by extracellular complementation. We conclude that robust swarming is a feature of undomesticated B. subtilis and that this behaviour has been lost or attenuated in laboratory strains through the accumulation of multiple genetic defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03584.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro transcription of a late class of phage SP01 genes (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 257 (1975), S. 248-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 SDS polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis of enzyme B, enzyme C, 8 and a. Enzymes B and C were purified as described previously6. 5 and a were dissociated from purified holoenzyme9 from uninfected B. subtilis by chromatography on phosphocellu-lose9, dialysed agamst buffer C (ref. 4) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/257248a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genome sequencing Panspermia, spores and the Bacillus subtilis genome (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 390 (1997), S. 237-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In a lecture delivered at Harvard University almost three decades ago, Francis Crick declared that he had become disenchanted with the view that life arose on Earth. Instead, he espoused a Theory of Panspermia, which holds that life was sent to Earth from elsewhere in the Universe, and he proposed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/36747
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR GENETICS OF SPORULATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 30 (1996), S. 297-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The process of sporulation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis proceeds through a well-defined series of morphological stages that involve the conversion of a growing cell into a two-cell-chamber sporangium within which a spore is produced. Over 125 genes are involved in this process, the transcription of which is temporally and spatially controlled by four DNA-binding proteins and five RNA polymerase sigma factors. Through a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches, regulatory networks have been elucidated that explicitly link the activation of these sigma factors to landmark events in the course of morphogenesis and to each other through pathways of intercellular communication. Signals targeting proteins to specific subcellular localizations and governing the assembly of macromolecular structures have been uncovered but their nature remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genes governing swarming in Bacillus subtilis and evidence for a phase variation mechanism controlling surface motility (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 52 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Undomesticated strains of Bacillus subtilis, but not laboratory strains, exhibit robust swarming motility on solid surfaces. The failure of laboratory strains to swarm is caused by a mutation in a gene (sfp) needed for surfactin synthesis and a mutation(s) in an additional unknown gene(s). Insertional mutagenesis of the undomesticated 3610 strain with the transposon mini-Tn10 was carried out to discover genes needed for swarming but not swimming motility. Four such newly identified swarming genes are reported, three of which (swrA, swrB, and efp) had not been previously characterized and one of which (swrC) was known to play a role in resistance to the antibacterial effect of surfactin. Laboratory strains were found to harbour a frameshift mutation in the swrA gene. When corrected for the swrA mutation, as well as the mutation in sfp, laboratory strains regained the capacity to swarm and did so as robustly as the wild strain. The swrA mutation was an insertion of an A:T base pair in a homopolymeric stretch of eight A:T base pairs, and readily reverted to the wild type. These findings suggest that the swrA insertion and its reversion take place by slipped-strand mispairing during DNA replication and that swarming motility is subject to phase variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03996.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spo0A regulon of Bacillus subtilis (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 50 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The master regulator for entry into sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is the DNA-binding protein Spo0A, which has been found to influence, directly or indirectly, the expression of over 500 genes during the early stages of development. To search on a genome-wide basis for genes under the direct control of Spo0A, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation in combination with gene microarray analysis to identify regions of the chromosome at which an activated form of Spo0A binds in vivo. This information in combination with transcriptional profiling using gene microarrays, gel electrophoretic mobility shift assays, using the DNA-binding domain of Spo0A, and bioinformatics enabled us to assign 103 genes to the Spo0A regulon in addition to 18 previously known members. Thus, in total, 121 genes, which are organized as 30 single-gene units and 24 operons, are likely to be under the direct control of Spo0A. Forty of these genes are under the positive control of Spo0A, and 81 are under its negative control. Among newly identified members of the regulon with transcription that was stimulated by Spo0A are genes for metabolic enzymes and genes for efflux pumps. Among  members  with  transcription  that  was in-hibited by Spo0A are genes encoding components of the DNA replication machinery and genes that govern flagellum biosynthesis and chemotaxis. Also in-cluded in the regulon are many (25) genes with products that are direct or indirect regulators of gene transcription. Spo0A is a master regulator for sporulation, but many of its effects on the global pattern of gene transcription are likely to be mediated indirectly by regulatory genes under its control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03818.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation into the compartmentalization of the sporulation transcription factor σE in Bacillus subtilis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Molecular microbiology 43 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis involves the formation of a polar septum, which divides the sporangium into a mother cell and a forespore. The σE factor, which is encoded within the spoIIG operon, is a cell-specific regulatory protein that directs gene transcription in the mother cell. σE is synthesized as an inactive proprotein pro-σE, which is converted to the mature factor by the putative processing enzyme SpoIIGA. Processing of pro-σE does not commence until after asymmetric division when σE is largely confined to the mother cell. Processing depends on the signalling protein SpoIIR, which delays proteolysis until after polar septation, but the mechanism by which σE is confined to the mother cell is not understood. Previous work favoured a model in which pro-σE localizes to the mother cell face of the polar septum, such that σE would be selectively released into mother cell cytoplasm. Based on the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions, we now report that pro-σE is distributed approximately uniformly along all membrane surfaces and is not confined to the mother- cell face of the septum. Rather, our results are consistent with a model in which preferential and persistent transcription of the spoIIG operon in the mother cell and degradation of σE in the forespore contribute to the selective accumulation of σE in the mother cell. Persistent transcription of spoIIG after polar septation also contributes to the proper timing of pro-σE processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02732.x
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