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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 54 (1982), S. 553-556 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 98 (1976), S. 8517-8518 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 28 (1976), S. 145-166 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Um die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Substrat und Bewuchs zu untersuchen, wurden natürlich gewachsene Gesteine im Norden der Insel Sylt neben dem Hafen von List am Anleger der dänischen Autofähre angebracht und in den Jahren 1971 bis 1973 regelmäßig kontrolliert. 2. Abiotische Faktoren (Position, Wassertemperatur) und biotische Faktoren (Planktongehalt, Konkurrenten, Weidegänger und Räuber) beeinflußten die Entwicklung des Bewuchses. 3. Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Plankton- und Bewuchsorganismen sowie der Wassertemperaturen spiegelten sich während der Jahre 1971 und 1972 in quantitativen und qualitativen Populationsunterschieden wider. 4. Nach einer Frostperiode im März 1971 war das Plankton individuenärmer als 1972. Die Besiedlung vonBalanus balanoides setzte später und weniger dicht als im folgenden Jahr nach einem milden Winter ein. Nachdem sich im Mai 1971 das Wasser des Wattenmeeres in wenigen Tagen auf 14° C erwärmte, entwickelten sich einige meroplanktische Formen fast explosionsartig. Es folgte auf den Substraten eine intensive Besiedlung vonMytilus edulis, Polydora ciliata undB. improvisus, die 1972 in dieser Höhe nicht mehr erreicht wurde. 5. 1972 herrschten im Gegensatz zum Vorjahr Copepoden und wärmeliebende Formen,Noctiluca miliaris, Oikopleura dioica, im Plankton vor. Unte den Bewuchsorganismen traten die TierartenTubularia larynx, Laomedea flexuosa undLanice conchilega häufiger als 1971 auf. 6. Im extrem warmen Sommer 1975 (mittlere Wassertemperatur im August 20° C) siedelte sichElminius modestus zahlreich zwischenBalanus balanoides im oberen Eulitoral an. Der von Australien eingeschleppte Balanide war bisher im Untersuchungsgebiet nur gelegentlich gefunden worden. 7. Neben dem Planktongehalt konnten als biotische Faktoren der Einfluß von Konkurrenten, Weidegängern und Räubern erfaßt werden. Konkurrenzen zwischen Balaniden einer oder nahe verwandter Arten regulierten die Abundanz. Nacktschnecken und Pantopoden beeinträchtigten als Weidegänger die Entwicklung von Hydrozoenkolonien, und der SeesternAsterias rubens bestimmte durch seine räuberische Tätigkeit die untere Verbreitungsgrenze vonMytilus edulis und den endemischen Balanidenarten. Die Grenze reichte knapp unter die Mitteltiden-Niedrigwasserlinie.
    Notes: Abstract Six different types of test substrates were exposed in the tidal zone of the wadden sea near the harbour of List (island of Sylt, North Sea): chalk of Solnhofen, limestone, mottled sandstone, granite, basalt and basalt-lava. The test substrates were fixed to a pannel at the midtide-high-water-level, the midtide-low-water-level and 75 cm below the latter (sublittoral level). Abiotic and biotic environmental factors decisively affected the growth of settling marine plants and animals. Variations in temperature and salinity as well as in the abundance of planktonic organisms, competitors and predators, caused shiftings in the annual beginning of settlement and in the abundance of settled organisms. Beginning with intense frost in March, the annual dynamics of 1971 were characterised by pronounced oscillations in temperature and salinity. The plankton density was poor in spring. When the sea water suddenly warmed in May, some meroplanktonic larvae appeared in high members. This phenomenon was followed by an intensive settlement on the substrate surfaces. In contrast to 1971, water temperatures remained much more stable in 1972. In this year, holoplanktonic copepods predominated throughout, and settlement was less intensive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 28 (1976), S. 318-351 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Zur Analyse der Besiedlungsdynamik und der Substratabhängigkeit makroskopischer benthischer Pflanzen wurden 6 verschiedene Substrate unter In-situ-Bedingungen untersucht: Solnhofener Plattenkalk, Muschelkalk, Buntsandstein, Granit, Säulenbasalt und Basaltlava. Ausgewählt nach Farbe, Korngröße und Relief wurden die Substrate in 3 Wasserbereichen (Hochwasser-, Niedrigwasser- und Unterwasserbereich) vertikal an einem Gerüst am Hafen von List/Sylt angebracht und während zweier aufeinander folgender Jahre regelmäßig kontrolliert. 2. Physikalische Substrateigenschaften beeinflußten die Besiedlung stärker als chemische. Erstere wirkten sich in den drei Wasserbereichen — unabhängig von anderen Umweltfaktoren — jeweils verschieden auf den Bewuchs aus. Auf dem Hochwasserniveau (Trockenfall-Perioden von durchschnittlich 8 Std. während eines Gezeitenganges) waren vor allem folgende Faktoren siedlungsbegrenzend: a) Temperatur des Substrates (abhängig von Farbe, Wärmeverlust durch Verdunstung), b) Wassergehalt (abhängig von Gesteinsporosität), c) Stärke des Reliefs (Schutz vor Abrasion der Organismen) und Oberflächenrauhigkeit (Stabilität des Anheftens), d) Widerstandsfähigkeit des Substrats selbst gegen Erosion und Abrasion. Auf dem Niedrigwasserniveau (Trockenfall-Perioden von durchschnittlich 1 Std. während eines Gezeitenganges) wirkten besonders in der Brandungshohlkehle mechanische Kräfte auf die Algenentwicklung ein, während sich der Einfluß von Oberflächentemperatur und Wassergehalt der Gesteine verringerte. Auf dem Unterwasserniveau (keine Trockenfall-Perioden) verloren die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Substrate an Bedeutung, vermutlich infolge der geringen Temperaturschwankungen und der meist abgeschwächten Turbulenz. Biologische Faktoren bestimmten in zunehmendem Maß das Bewuchsmuster. 3. Die Korngröße war — unabhängig vom Härtegrad des Materials — entscheidend für Ausdehnung und Bewuchsdichte einiger Algen.Enteromorpha sp. entwickelte sich optimal auf fein- bis mittelkörnigen Substraten (Solnhofener Plattenkalk und Buntsandstein), weniger dicht auf dem vorwiegend feinkörnig auskristallisierten Gesteinsfluß des Säulenbasalts und den feinkörnigen Bestandteilen des Muschelkalks. DasCodiolum-Stadium einerUrospora-Art überzog ausschließlich die glatte und feinkörnige Fläche von Säulenbasalt, Solnhofener Plattenkalk und entsprechend feinkörnige Stellen im Muschelkalk.Porphyra sp., meistPorphyra purpurea, bevorzugte die grob strukturierten Substrate Granit, Muschelkalk und die durch Poren zerrissene Oberfläche der Basaltlava. Säulenbasalt wurde an den Stellen besiedelt, wo größere Einsprenglinge den gleichartigen, feinkörnigen Gesteinsfluß durchsetzten.Ceramium rubrum reagierte in gleicher Weise wiePorphyra sp. Mit Hilfe von Parallelbeobachtungen an aus Quarzsand 5 abgestufter Korngrößen hergestellten Substraten wurde eine Korngrößenabhängigkeit der Algenbesiedlung ermittelt. Die ausgewählten Fraktionsbereiche (〈 0,25; 0,25–0,5; 0,5–1,0; 1,0 bis 2,0; 2,0–4,0 mm) konnten in etwa denen der Natursteine gegenübergestellt werden. Unterhalb von 0,5 mm Korndurchmesser entwickelten sich ausschließlichEnteromorpha-Arten, oberhalb davonPorphyra-Arten undCeramium rubrum. Die Zahl der siedelnden Rotalgen erhöhte sich mit zunehmender Korngröße. Die Versuchsergebnisse der Sandsubstrate entsprachen denen der gegenübergestellten Natursteine ähnlicher Fraktionsbereiche und wiederholten sich in den 3 Horizonten. 4. Dichte und Porosität der Substrate bestimmten im Hochwasserbereich nicht nur das Bewuchsmuster, sondern auch die obere Grenze der Algenvegetation. Die obere Grenze befand sich bei Muschelkalk (Zurückhalten des Wassers in der zerklüfteten Oberfläche) und Basaltlava (Wasserspeicherung im Porenraum) über der Mitteltiden-Hochwasserlinie. Bei dem dichten Gestein Säulenbasalt wurde die Mitteltiden-Hochwasserlinie vom Bewuchs nicht mehr erreicht. Im Frühling und Herbst dagegen entwickelte er sich auf Säulenbasalt bei günstigen Lufttemperaturen und Wasserständen bis fast zur gleichen Höhe wie auf Basaltlava. Die obere Grenze derEnteromorpha-Besiedlung befand sich auf dem wasserspeichernden Buntsandstein höher als auf Solnhofener Plattenkalk mit seiner geringen Porosität. Auf Granit erreichte der Algenbewuchs die niedrigste vertikale Ausdehnung. 5. Abhängig von der Farbe bestimmte der Erwärmungsgrad eines Substrates die vertikale Ausdehnung der Vegetation. Im Bereich der Mitteltiden-Hochwasserlinie verschwanden die Algen von dunklen Substraten (Säulenbasalt, Granit), so wie die Wärmestrahlung im Juli/August zunahm und entwickelten sich von neuem im Herbst bei günstigeren Umweltbedingungen. 6. Das Zusammenwirken von Erosion und Abrasion wurde — ohne Frostsprengung — am Solnhofener Plattenkalk deutlich. Dünne Substratschichten hoben sich plattig zusammen mit Bewuchs von der Oberfläche ab. Im Hochwasser- und Niedrigwasserbereich machte sich eine Abtragung durch Wellenbewegung stärker als auf dem Unterwasserniveau bemerkbar.
    Notes: Abstract Six different types of test substrates were exposed in the tidal zone of the wadden sea near the harbour of List (Island of Sylt, North Sea): Solnhofen limestone, Middle Triassic limestone, Bunter sandstone, granite, basalt, and basaltic lava. The test substrates were fixed to a panel at the midtide to high-water level, the midtide to low-water level, and 75 cm below the latter (sublittoral level); they were arranged in such a way, that substrates with fine granulation alternated with those of rough granulation. A defined boundary between the growth zones ofEnteromorpha sp. (green algae) andPorphyra purpurea (red algae) was observed at the midtide to low-water level.Enteromorpha sp. was found on fine-granulated substrates (chalk of Solnhofen, mottled sandstone).Porphyra purpurea settled preferably on rough granulated substrates (limestone, granite, and basaltic lava). With increasing irregularity of the substrate-surface structure, the abundance of red algae increased, especially on basaltic lava. In order to examine granulation effects more closely, chemically equivalent artificial solid substrates were installed under identical environmental conditions. The material chosen consisted of quartz. Grain size fractions of 0.25 mm, 0.25–0.5 mm, 0.5–1.0 mm, 1.0–2.0 mm, 2.0–4.0 mm were fixed to panels, providing five artificial substrates of increasing surface roughness. The boundary between the growth of green algae and red algae was found at 0.5 mm.Enteromorpha sp. settled on substrates with granule size 〈 0.5 mm;Porphyra purpurea on substrates 〉 0.5 mm. The population density of the red algae increased with increasing granule size. These observations led to the assumption that the surface structure of the test substrate exerts more influence on algal settlement than substrate hardness or chemical composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 24 (1973), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The UWL “Helgoland” system has been built with the rough sea conditions in the Southern North Sea in mind: wave periods up to 8 sec, wave heights up to 8 m, tidal currents up to 1 m/sec. 2. The main body can be towed at a velocity of up to 5 knots, and be lowered without the assistance of a floating crane. The system has a high degree of flexibility. 3. In order to withstand the oscillating forces caused by sea movements, a horizontal cylinder was chosen as main body. The main body is ballasted to a negative buoyancy of 16 t (more than for other comparable UWL systems). Four swords stabilize the UWL against horizontal forces. The main body acts as a self-righting body. 4. Emergency supply of food and energy allows complete surface independence for 10 days. 5. Rough surface conditions and poor underwater visibilities do not allow aquanaut activities on the sea bottom to be observed from the surface. A wireless system is used for diver communication on the sea bottom. Three communication systems connect the UWL main body to the supervising station on land: one TV and two radio systems. One radio system is used to transmit alarms to the land base, the other will be used in 1973 as transmission system for oceanological data. 6. Aquanauts cannot be transported from the habitat to the deck decompression chamber (DDC) during rough weather. Hence one room in the UWL main body serves as decompression chamber. 7. The surface energy station, a floating buoy, is a world first. The station operates automatically; it is controlled by aquanauts in the UWL. Electricity, compressed respiratory gases and fresh water are transported from the buoy to the UWL via an umbilical line. Due to tide and wave motion, the umbilical line is shaped in goose-neck fashion. Other suplies such as food and mail are brought to the UWL by supply containers without assistance from surface divers. Supplementary respiratory gas for the semi-closed diving apparatus is stored on the sea bottom; the same applies for nitrogen. 8. The first manned test period in August, 1969, and the subsequent 9-month unmanned period proved that the system is able to withstand rough sea conditions. 9. As a research base, UWL “Helgoland” has met the expectations. It is possible to work and to conduct research in the sea, even under the adverse conditions prevailing in the North Sea. In 1973, UWL “Helgoland” will operate again on the sea bottom near Helgoland.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Die rauhen Seebedingungen in der Deutschen Bucht (südliche Nordsee) (Wellenperiode bis 8 sec, Wellenhöhe bis 8 m, Tidenstrom bis 1 m/sec und Sichtweite um 1 m), haben die technische Konzeption von UWL „Helgoland“ und alle Betriebsabläufe (z. B. Transport, Absenken, Überwachung und Dekompression) maßgeblich beeinflußt. Das UWL unterscheidet sich daher wesentlich von anderen bisher eingesetzten Systemen ähnlicher Größenordnung. Spezielle Probleme und Problemlösungen werden erläutert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 29 (1977), S. 375-403 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six different types of test substrates, arranged in order of texture from smooth (Solnhofen limestone, Bunter sandstone, and basalt) to rough surfaces (Middle Triassic limestone, granite, and basaltic lava), were exposed in tidal zone of the wadden sea near the harbour of List (Island of Sylt, North Sea). The test substrates were fixed to panels at the midtide to high-water level, the midtide to low-water level, and 75 cm below the latter (sublittoral level). Animal settlement was primarily influenced by abiotic factors at the two higher levels. In the sublittoral zone, however, influences of biotic factors (competitors and predators) predominated. Therefore, the physical quality of the chosen substrates more decisively affected the growth of settling animals above the midtide to low-water mark than in the deeper zone. At the midtide to high-water levelBalanus balanoides only settled on the rough surface of the Middle Triassic limestone and in the troughs of the Bunter sandstone; barnacles attached to the even surface of the latter, were destroyed by wave beating. They died on the rough surface of the dark-coloured granite, when this stone was warmed during low-water. At the midtide to low-water level, the barnacles survived best on the rough surface of the Middle Triassic limestone and the granite. Only the larvae ofB. crenatus andB. improvisus preferred to settle on the even surface of the Bunter sandstone and the basalt; but there they died from wave beating or desiccation. The surface of the basaltic lava, formed by sharp-edged pores, was unsuitable for settling of barnacles. Colonies of Hydrozoa covered each substrate with a somewhat rough surface structure, even the basaltic lava. At the sublittoral level, differences in settling between the single substrates disappeared more and more. Nevertheless, the three species of barnacles showed the same preferences in settling, as they did at the higher levels. In August,Asterias rubens destroyed all barnacles and thus restricted the lower limit of barnacle settlement at the low-water mark. The distribution of epibiotic organisms is dependent upon the density of their “living substrates”, directly attached to the stone surfaces. During the short time of their growth, hemisessile young,Mytilus edulis settled on thready forms like algae, or on raised areas like the top of barnacle shells. Therefore, young mussels could be found on stones, that already carried a compact cover ofEnteromorpha sp. or a dense settlement of adult barnacles. The polychaetePolydora ciliata rarely burrowed directly into stony substrates (Middle Triassic limestone, Solnhofen limestone). It settled primarily between barnacle shells where it was sheltered from wave beating and at the same time profited from the current produced by the filter-feeding organs of the barnacles. The density of this polychaete was directly proportional to the density of the barnacles. AfterA. rubens had destroyed the barnacles in the sublittoral zone,P. ciliata disappeared too. At the low-water mark, however, theP. ciliata population between living and active barnacles increased. Hence, the lower limit ofP. ciliata — as those of barnacles and mussels — was fixed by this predator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Aquaculture 5 (1975), S. 107 
    ISSN: 0044-8486
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of productivity analysis 12 (1999), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: Agricultural productivity ; Public and private R and D ; Education ; Commodity programs ; Cointegration ; Error Correction model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The long-term impact of research, education, and various government support programs on U.S. agricultural productivity was analyzed using an error correction model. Results indicate that the proposed reduction in commodity program expenditures (e.g. 1996 Farm Bill) is unlikely to reduce agricultural productivity. Results suggest that shifting public funds from commodity programs to education and research would raise U.S. agricultural productivity. Our estimates of long-term rates of return to public research are lower than those from most previous, perhaps due to our improved model specification, but are high enough to justify continued public investments to raise productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 7 (1995), S. 166-177 
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Zinc ; Complexation ; Seawater ; Rainwater ; Pseudopolarogram ; Trace metal ; Voltammetry ; Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry ; Complexometric titration ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel electrochemical method is described for the examination of metal-organic complexation in natural waters. The technique is based upon the comparison of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) ‘pseudopolarograms’ (current vs. deposition potential plots) for natural samples with those obtained for metal complexation with selected ‘model’ binding ligands at constant ionic strength. For electrochemically active zinc species in seawater, the pseudopolarogram approach allowed the estimation of thermodynamic stability constants (KML) within a stability constant window of approximately 104-106 M-1 up to ≥ 1015 M-1. For a natural rainwater sample, the pseudopolarogram indicated only one zinc class, probably a mixture of ‘free’ and/or inorganically complexed species. In an application to a coastal seawater sample, three species were identified: (1) weakly complexed, log KZnL = 4.14 ± 0.92 M-1; (2) moderately complexed, log KZnL = 7.77 ± 0.62 M-1; (3) strongly complexed, log KZnL = 11.45 ± 0.95 M-1. Results are compared to those obtained using complexometric titration with SWASV at a thin mercury film-glassy carbon rotating disk (TMF-GCRD) electrode. The latter detected a single strong complexing ligand (or ligand class), with [L′] = 15.25 ± 0.04 nM and log K′ZnL ≥ 10.9 M-1.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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