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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 66 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Exposure of cerebellar granule cells to NMDA in culture at 5 days in vitro, when cells are not yet vulnerable to NMDA, evoked a pronounced reduction in NMDA receptor activity, measured by NMDA-induced 45Ca2+ influx, and counteracted the normal developmental increase in NMDA receptors. The effect was concentration and time dependent, the half-maximal effect being reached at about 45 µM and by 4–5 h. The decrease in NMDA receptor function was accompanied by a significant reduction in the protein level of the obligatory NMDA receptor subunit (NR) NR1. Both parameters remained at a low level as long as the agonist was present. However, receptor down-regulation was reversible, as receptor protein levels and NMDA responses were restored to control values upon NMDA removal, this process requiring protein synthesis. NMDA treatment also elicited a decrease in NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunit messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. However, in comparison with NMDA receptor proteins, the decrease was faster, and NMDA receptor mRNA content recovered to control levels within 24 h in spite of the presence of NMDA. Concerning the mechanisms of agonist-induced regulation of NMDA receptor expression, it seems that protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation is not involved, whereas inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II/IV by KN-62 does depress NMDA receptor expression even in the absence of NMDA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The recently discovered benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 was characterized in binding studies, and its potency and selectivity were determined in vivo by interaction with drug-induced changes in dopamine turnover and cerebellar cGMP level. Ro 15-1788 reduced [3H]flunitrazepam binding in the brain in vivo with a potency similar to that of diazepam and effectively inhibited [3H]diazepam binding in vitro (IC50= 2.3 ± 0.6 nmol/liter). [3H]Ro 15-1788 bound to tissue fractions of rat cerebral cortex with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of 1.0 ± 0.1 nmol/liter. The in vitro potency of various benzodiazepines in displacing [3H]Ro 15-1788 from its binding site was of the same rank order as found previously in [3H]diazepam binding. Autoradiograms of [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding in sections of rat cerebellum showed the same distribution of radioactivity as with [3H]flunitrazepam. The attenuating effect of diazepam on the chlorpromazine- or stress-induced elevation of homovanillic acid in rat brain was antagonized by Ro 15-1788. Among a series of compounds which either decreased or increased the rat cerebellar cGMP level, only the effect of benzodiazepine receptor ligands (diazepam, zopiclone, CL 218 872) was antagonized by Ro 15-1788. Thus, Ro 15-1788 is a selective benzodiazepine antagonist acting at the level of the benzodiazepine receptor in the central nervous system. Peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in kidney and schistosomes were not affected by Ro 15-1788.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Photolabeling of the benzodiazepine receptor, which to date has been done with benzodiazepine agonists such as flunitrazepam, can also be achieved with Ro 15-4513, a partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine receptor. [3H]Ro 15-4513 specifically and irreversibly labeled a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 51, 000 (P51) in cerebellum and at least two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 51, 000 (P51) and 55, 000 (P55) in hippocampus. Photolabeling was inhibited by 10 μM diazepam but not by 10 μM Ro 5-4864. The BZ1 receptor-selective ligands CL 218872 and ß-carboline-3-carboxylate ethyl ester preferentially inhibited irreversible binding of [3H]Ro 15-4513 to protein P51. Not only these biochemical results but also the distribution and density of [3H]Ro 15–4513 binding sites in rat brain sections were similar to the findings with [3H]flunitrazepam. Thus, the binding sites for agonists and inverse agonists appear to be located on the same pro-teins. In contrast, whereas [3H]flunitrazepam is known to label only 25% of the benzodiazepine binding sites in brain membranes, all binding sites are photolabeled by [3H]Ro 15-4513. Thus, all benzodiazepine receptor sites are associated with photolabeled proteins with apparent molecular weights of 51, 000 and/or 55, 000. In cerebellum, an additional protein (MW 57, 000) unrelated to the benzodiazepine receptor was labeled by [3H]Ro 15-4513 but not by [3H]flunitrazepam. In brain sections, this component contributed to higher labeling by [3H]Ro 15–4513 in the granular than the molecular layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The influence of K+-induced membrane depolarization and NMDA treatment on the regulation of NMDA receptor subunit (NR) expression was investigated during the development of granule cells in culture, as a follow-up of previous work on NMDA receptor activity. In spite of the increase in NMDA receptor activity elicited by these treatments (K25 or K10 + NMDA cultures), the main developmental changes in receptor mRNA levels were similar to those in untreated cells (K10) (a threefold increase in total NMDA receptor mRNA, quantitative dominance of NR1 mRNA, late expression of NR2C, and virtual absence of NR2D). However, high K+ and NMDA treatment resulted in a greater increase of NR2A mRNA levels and a retardation in the developmental changes in the relative amounts of NR2B and NR2C mRNAs. The correspondence between NMDA receptor activity and the amount of NR1 and NR2A subunit proteins was excellent, the rank order being K25 〉 K10 + NMDA 〉 K10 at 9 days in vitro. Because the increase in subunit mRNA was not always paralleled by an increase in subunit protein, the control of NMDA receptor expression involves critically, in addition to gene transcription, regulation of translational and/or posttranslational events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 27 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The metabolism of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was studied by following the fate of [1-14C]GHB in mouse brain after an intravenous injection. Cerebral uptake of GHB was rapid and this substance disappeared from brain tissue with a half-life of approx 5 min. Degradation of [1-14C]GHB took place in the brain since 14C was incorporated in amino acids associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle: the labelling pattern was consistent with the oxidation of GHB via succinate through the cycle, rather than with β-oxidation of GHB. Conversion of [14C]GHB into [14C]GABA prior to oxidation was negligible, thus it is unlikely that the pharmacological action of GHB would be mediated through GABA formation. [14C]GHB oxidation also elicited the signs of metabolic compartmentation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the brain (glutamine/glutamate specific radioactivity ratio was about 4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: —The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc, EC 2.3.1.6) and l-glutamate 1-carboxylyase (glutamate decarboxylase, GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) was studied in serial frontal slices of the substantia nigra (SN) (pars compacta, PC; pars reticulata, PR; an intermediate region, IR) as well as in other brain areas from post mortem tissue of control and Parkinsonian patients.Within the SN from control brain ChAc and GAD activities showed a distinctive distribution: ChAc activity in PC was higher than in PR and IR by 427% and 253% respectively and within PC the enzyme activity in the rostral part exceeded that in the control part by 353%. The GAD activity in PC was higher by 41% than that in PR and within PC seemed to be higher in the caudal than in the rostral part. For both enzyme activities there were no significant differences between PR and IR or within these regions.In Parkinsonian brain both ChAc and GAD activities were reduced to 15-25% of controls in all 3 regions of the SN. The distinctive distribution of ChAc and GAD activity found in the SN of control brain was abolished: no difference was observed between the 3 regions. However, within PC the ChAc activity was lower in the medial than in the rostral part.Since nigral ChAc is possibly located in interneurons, the decrease in enzyme activity may be connected with the cell loss observed in the SN of Parkinsonian brain.By contrast, nigral GAD is probably contained in terminals of strio-nigral neurons and the decrease in enzyme activity in Parkinson's disease in the absence of striatal cell loss, may reflect a change in the functional state of these GABA neurons.Among various areas of control brains ChAc activity was highest in caudate nucleus and putamen while GAD was highest in SN. caudate nucleus, putamen and cerebral cortex. In Parkinsonian brain the most severe reduction in ChAc and GAD activities was found in the SN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In contrast to the acute toxic effect of NMDA on mature cerebellar granule cells, chronic treatment with NMDA (140 μM from 1 to 9 days in vitro) did not compromise cell survival. Such treatment markedly suppressed NMDA receptor activity: at 8 days in vitro NMDA-induced 45Ca2+ influx was reduced by -60% and acute exposure to NMDA (highest concentration tested, 1 mM) at 9 days in vitro did not cause detectable toxicity. The reduction in NMDA receptor activity was accompanied by a significant decrease (±80% at 9 days in vitro) in the level of the NR1 and the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit protein, detected using the selective photoaffinity ligand [125I]CGP55802A. It seems, therefore, that the agonist-induced decrease in NMDA receptor activity is due to receptor down-regulation. In contrast to the marked influence of chronic NMDA exposure on the cellular content of the NMDA receptor subunit proteins, mRNA levels of the different subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C) were not significantly affected. It seems, therefore, that agonist-induced down-regulation of the NMDA receptor involves critically mRNA translation and/or post-translational regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To assess the role of subunits for channel function and drug modulation in recombinant GABAA receptors, the α3β1γ2 subunits and the dual combinations α3β1, β1γ2 and α3γ2 were expressed by transfection of human embryonic kidney cells and by RNA injection in Xenopus oocytes (α3β1γ2 combination). GABA-induced chloride currents were recorded using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique (transfected cells) or the voltage-clamp technique (oocytes). The currents recorded from the α3β1Γ2 subunit combination in transfected cells were reduced by bicuculline and picrotoxin, enhanced by flunitrazepam in a flumazenil-sensitive manner and reduced by β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (β-CCM). The GABA-induced current was reduced by β-CCM in all combinations containing the γ2 subunit, but potentiation by flunitrazepam was only obtained when the 72 subunit was coexpressed in the presence of the α3 subunit (α3β1γ2 or α3γ2). The GABA sensitivities of the receptors were similar when the α3β1γ2 combination was expressed in oocytes (half-maximum effective concentration = 240 μM) or in the kidney cell line (270 μM). However, the currents were less potentiated by flunitrazepam in oocytes (129% of controls) than in transfected cells (189%). These results suggest that the α3β1γ2 subunit combination, which is coexpressed in various brain regions as shown by in situ hybridization histochemistry, may represent a building block of functional GABAA receptors in situ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: diazepam ; N-desmethyldiazepam ; endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Benzodiazepine-binding inhibitory (BBI) activity was detected in aqueous extracts of brain and peripheral tissues of rats. The BBI activity in brain and in adrenals was, at least partially, due to the presence of N-des-methyldiazepam and diazepam as shown by HPLC, UV-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, BBI activity was found in standardized rat food, as well as in a variety of cereals and in other nutritive plant products. In wheat grains diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam could be identified by HPLC and analysis by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The estimated amounts of the two benzodiazepines present in rat brain and adrenals and in wheat grains were in the low ppb range. Since laboratory contamination was rigorously excluded we conclude that diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam are naturally occurring compounds. These findings may explain their occurrence in the brain and adrenals of animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 250 (1993), S. 351-357 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cochlea ; Efferent innervation ; Cochlear amplifier ; Olivocochlear bundle ; Hearing loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is evidence that the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is released from some efferent olivocochlear nerve endings terminating at outer hair cells (OHCs). Using monoclonal antibodies against postsynaptic GABAA receptor from bovine cerebral cortex we confirm the presence of GABA and benzodiazepine bindings sites of α- and β-subunits of GABAA receptors at the basal pole of isolated OHCs. Whole-cell recording with viable OHCs revealed that the application of 10−3–10−8 M GABA to the cell surface was followed by a concentration-dependent hyperpolarization of the outer cell membrane. Hyperpolarization was increased in the presence of 2.5 × 10−5 M chlorazepate, a benzodiazepine derivative. Electrophysiological effects caused by GABA alone or in combination with chlorazepate were specifically inhibited by 10−6 M of the GABA-receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Moreover, 10−5–10−7 M GABA caused reversible slow elongation of the cylindrical hair cell body in OHCs examined. These neurotransmitter-induced motile responses were specifically blocked by 10−4 M picrotoxin. The results suggest that a subpopulation of OHCs express α- and β-subunits of GABAA receptors which both form a GABA/benzodiazepine-receptor complex at the basal pole of isolated OHCs. These receptors are thought to allow GABA which is released from efferent auditory nerve terminals to bind to the cell surface of OHCs, resulting in GABAAreceptor activation. This probably gates a GABAA-receptor-associated chloride channel in the postsynaptic OHC membrane, allowing hyperpolarization and elongation of the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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