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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 229 (1971), S. 55-56 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Early olfactory stimulation influences social behaviour in altricial mammals. Marr and Gardner6 sprayed pups of laboratory rats with cologne and found that they later preferred cologne-smelling rats, while pups treated with methyl-salicylate became socially anosmic as adults. Mainardi et al.7 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 223 (1969), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To isolate and identify the active chemical components in the male tarsal scent, a bioassay was developed on the basis of the fact that males and females normally sniff and lick each other's tarsal organs. The tarsal scent was extracted with petroleum ether (30-60 C) from the hair tuft of tarsal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Until recently, the function of the tarsal organ had remained obscure. In a study of the behaviour of the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), we found the tarsal scent to be of central importance in social behaviour3. Members of an established herd check each other's tarsal tuft ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 573-583 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feeding behavior ; predator odors ; feces ; cattle ; sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of predator fecal odors in modifying feeding selection by sheep and cattle was investigated in two trials. In trial 1, animals could select from feed bins contaminated with coyote, fox, cougar, or bear fecal odor, and oil of wintergreen, or select the control feed. All odors were rejected (P〈0.01) by sheep and cattle, except bear odors by sheep. In trial 2, animals could select feed during 10-min periods in an open 11-m × 16-m arena. Fecal odor did not influence approaches to feed bins, or head entries into bins. Only coyote fecal odor reduced (P〈0.05) the time spent feeding in the contaminated bin, and increased (P〈0.05) consumption from the control bin by both cattle and sheep. Some animals on some test days refused to feed from either feed bin, although cattle and sheep closely inspected bins. Results suggest that fecal odors may not prevent livestock from entering a treated area but may reduce the time spent grazing in such an area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Beaver ; Castor canadensis ; castoreum ; communication ; neutral compounds ; phenolic compounds ; principal components ; social odors ; territory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract North American beaver (Castor canadensis) were observed to sniff from the water and make land visits to some synthetic chemical components of castoreum placed on experimental scent mounds (ESM). In previous analysis, the elicitation (presence/absence), completeness, and/or strength (number, duration) of these key responses served as separate measures of biological activity. In this paper, we used principal components analysis (PCA) to combine linearly six related measures of observed response and one index of overnight visitation calculated over all trials. The first principal component accounted for a majority of the variation and allowed ranking of the samples based on their composite bioactivity. A second PCA, based only on response trials (excluding trials with no responses), showed that responses to the synthetic samples, once elicited, did not vary greatly in completeness or strength. None of the samples evoked responses as complete or strong as the castoreum control. Castoreum also elicited more multiple land visits (repeated visits to the ESM by the same individual or by more than one family member) than the synthetic samples, indicating that an understanding of the castoreum chemosignal requires consideration of responses by the family unit, and not just the land visit by the initial responder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1491-1500 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castor canadensis ; beaver castor sac ; phenolic compounds ; coinjection ; fractionation ; synthesis ; identification ; territory marking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract North American beaver (Castor canadensis) mark their territories with castoreum, the contents of their castor sacs. In their territories, beaver respond with scent marking to experimental scent marks consisting of castoreum, or selected single components. In part, the unique odor of castoreum is due to large amounts of phenolic compounds. Purified phenolic components were analyzed by GC, GC-MS, and NMR; identifications were confirmed by comparing the spectra of synthetic phenols with those of the isolated phenols. Of the 15 phenols reported elsewhere, only five were confirmed in our analysis; the other 10 phenolic compounds are either absent or are not volatile enough to be detected by our methods. In addition, 10 phenolic compounds have been identified in this study that were not reported in the previous papers concerning the constitution of castoreum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 483-517 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cervidae ; dominance order ; licking ; olfactory communication ; pheromones ; Rangifer tarandus tarandus ; reindeer ; scent glands ; sniffing ; social behavior ; tracking response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The social interactions of captive reindeer were observed for one year. The seasonal changes of agonistic behavior, the social rank order, social affinity during rest, social sniffing and licking, solitary sniffing and licking, hindleg-head contact, and other motor patterns involving head and antlers are described. Social sniffing and licking correlated more with sex than with social rank. Olfactory responses during encounters and tracking were investigated experimentally. Chemical communication is particularly important in sexual and maternal behavior and during encounters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 44 (1998), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Beaver ; Castor canadensis ; Anal gland secretion ; Information coding ; Family membership
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the individually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more features in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AGS features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membership using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AGS compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in coding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds were complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationship among different families using two–three or many compounds. We found there was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 108 (1967), S. 218-229 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Brutkleid des weiblichen Mauerläufers wird in der Literatur unrichtig beschrieben. Danach soll es dem ♂ ähnlich, nur blasser sein. Die Beobachtungen von 16 Junge fütternden ♀ zeigte, daß 5 ♀ eine weiße Brust hatten wie im Winterkleid. Die übrigen 11 ♀ hatten einen isolierten, von weißen Feldern umgebenen schwarzen Fleck, der bei 10 ♀ klein, bei nur einem ausgedehnter war. Die Kehle war bei allen ♀ weiß. Der lrrtum wird damit erklärt, daß Mauerläufer im Brutkleid nur sehr selten in den Sammlungen der Museen zu finden sind.
    Abstract: Summary The breeding plumage of female Wall-creepers is incorrectly given in literature, which describes females as similar to males, but paler. The observation of 16 females feeding young showed that 5 had a white breast, as in winter plumage. The other 11 had an isolated black spot surrounded by white; the black spot on 10 being small, and larger only on one. The throats of all 16 females were white. The oversight in the literature is explained by the lack of specimens of females in the breeding plumage in museum collections.
    Notes: Summary Description of a new subspecies of the Black-masked Finch,Coryphaspiza melanotis marajoara, from Marajó Island, Pará, in the mouth of the Amazon. This bird was not previously known north of Goiás, Central Brazil. Its presence on Marajó may be a parallel to that of the Red-winged TinamouRhynchotus rufescens and could indicate that the savannas, where these birds live, are natural ones, and have not been produced by men. Some fieldnotes on the Black-masked Finch are added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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