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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber type and non-endplate acetylcholinesterase in normal and experimentally altered muscles (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Muscle ; Myotendinous junction ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Reinnervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The non-endplate (sarcoplasmic) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated in eight different muscles of the rat. Serial consecutive sections were stained for AChE, myofibrillar ATPase (after alkaline and acid preincubation), and cytochrome C-oxidase. The following general correlation could be established: within a given muscle the sarcoplasmic AChE was highest in type IIB fibers, lowest in type I and intermediate in type IIA. Additionally, the intensity of the reaction was directly proportional to the size of the type IIA fibers. The distribution of sarcoplasmic AChE was correlated to the ATPase fiber types but was complementary to the cytochrome C-oxidase staining pattern. In single fiber preparations, accumulation of AChE at the myotendinous junction was found to occur in “caplike” form exclusively in fibers with very low or absent sarcoplasmic AChE. To study the role of innervation in the expression of the sarcoplasmic AChE, we cross-reinnervated the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle with the soleus (SOL) nerve and vice versa (X-EDL, X-SOL). In the X-EDL the sarcoplasmic AChE was transformed to that of a normal SOL as were also the ATPase and the cytochrome oxidase. Surprisingly, in the X-SOL the high AChE activity typical for a normal EDL was present after 3 weeks but decreased steadily to very low levels lacking any correlation with ATPase and cytochrome oxidase. The results suggest that the cytoplasmic AChE of the SOL muscle depends more on the load-bearing function of the muscle than on the imposed impulse pattern. There is additional evidence for a retrograde effect of the X-SOL upon its motoneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318922
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Sinus venosus und Kardinalvenen beim Hühnerembryo (1970)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 131 (1970), S. 274-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sinus venosus ; Cardinal veins ; Heart ; Chick ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die rechte V. cardinalis communis (Ductus Cuvieri) wurde bei 42 3tägigen Hühnerembryonen mit Diathermiecoagulation, bei 10 3 1/2 tägigen Keimen mittels Silberclip unterbrochen. 6–96 Std nach dem Eingriff untersuchten wir histologisch, ob sich Sinus venosus und Kardinalvenen links auch zurückbilden, wenn auf der rechten Seite der venöse Blutrückfluß aus Kopf und Rumpfwand blockiert ist. In der ersten Serie war der verschlossene Ductus Cuvieri jeweils nach 3 Tagen wieder durchgängig und von normalem Kaliber. Links war keine Rückbildung der Venen festzustellen. Bei den Embryonen der zweiten Serie beobachteten wir folgendes: Rechts kam es in allen Fällen zu einer sekundären kollateralen Rekanalisation. Auf der linken Seite war die Rückbildung der V. cardinalis post. verzögert. Die Morphogenese der Venen paßte sich nur teilweise den veränderten Strömungsverhältnissen an.
    Notes: Summary The right common cardinal vein was occluded by diathermy coagulation in 42 three day old chick embryos and by a silver clip in 10 three and a half day old chick embryos. 6–96 hours after the procedure the sinus venosus and the cardinal veins on the left side were examined histologically to see if any involution was apparent (although the return of the venous blood from head and body wall was blocked on the right side). In the first series the duct of Cuvier was found to be recanalized after three days and its diameter was normal. There was no involution of the veins of the left side. All the embryos of the second series showed a secondary collateral recanalisation. The involution of the posterior cardinal vein on the left side was delayed. The investigation demonstrates that during morphogenesis these veins adapt only partially to modified circulatory conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520970
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimentelle Untersuchung der Kardinalvenenentwicklung bei 3–5tägigen Hühnerembryonen (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 351-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cardinal veins ; Sinus venosus ; Heart ; Chick ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 3-, 31/2, 4- und 5tägigen Hühnerembryonen (insgesamt 220) wurde der Ductus Cuvieri dexter mittels feinem Silberclip unterbrochen. Die dadurch bedingte massive Stauung in den Vv. cardinales dextrae übertrug sich auf die Kardinalvenen der linken Seite. Diese bildeten sich bei den älteren Stadien nur verzögert zurück. Im Laufe von einem bis anderthalb Tagen entstanden den Clip in der Regel caudal umgehende Kollateralvenen, worauf sich Kreislaufverhältnisse und Entwicklung normalisierten. Bei einem Teil der am 5. Tag operierten Embryonen kam es nicht mehr zur Kollateralenbildung. Die Vv. cardinalis anterior et cerebri media obliterierten kurz nach dem Eingriff. Das Blut aus der rechten Kopf- und Halshälfte floß über ein dichtes Capillarnetz im Bereiche von Myel- und Metencephalon nach links ab. Infolge der nicht mehr korrigierbaren veränderten Zirkulation gingen diese Keime innert 24 Std zugrunde. Vom 5. Tag an besitzt das Kardinalvenensystem noch in allen Fällen die Fähigkeit einer kurzfristigen Anpassung an neue Kreislaufverhältnisse, hingegen nur noch bedingt die Möglichkeit einer Reparation des veränderten Blutgefäßsystems.
    Notes: Summary The right common cardinal vein (Duct of Cuvier) was occluded by a silver clip in 220 chick embryos of three, three and a half, four and five days respectively. The swelling of the right cardinal veins caused by this operation gave rise to a swelling of the cardinal veins of the left side. Consequently the disappearance of the postcardinal veins was retarded. One to one and a half days after the operation collateral veins going round the clip were established. Thereby the circulatory situation as the development of the cardinal veins became normal. In some of the embryos operated the fifth day the collateral vein was not found. The anterior cardinal and middle cerebral vein disappeared soon after the operation. The blood from the right half of the head and neck passed through a capillary network situated over the met- and myelencephalon and emptied into the left anterior cardinal vein. Since these embryos were no longer able to correct the circulation by establishing collateral veins they died within 24 hours. After the fourth day the system of cardinal veins can accomodate itself to changed circulatory conditions for a short time but it has only in part the possibility of establishing the original situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525061
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delayed muscle fiber transformation after foreign-reinnervation of excessive muscle tissue (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 223 (1989), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follwing partial deneration motor units can increase (by selfreinnervation) as much as four to five times their normal size. To investigate the still unknown quantitative reinnervation capacity of a motor nerve in the case of foreign-reinnervation, in adult male rats the denervated sternomstoid muscle was either self-reinervated by its original nerve or foreign-reinnervation by the omohyoid nerve, which had to reinnevate the three times the amount of muscle fibers and six times the amount of muscle mass. After survival times of 7, 8, 9, or 10 months, nerves and muscles were investigated histochemically and immunohistochemically. The omohyoid nerve could fully reinnervate the sternomastoid muscle, but at 7 and 8 months this muscle still revealed nearly the same proportions of IIA and IIB fibers as were seen in the self-reinnervated sternomastoid at all stages. However, in the following 2 months a shift of the fiber pattern toward that of the normal omohyoid was observed, as evidenced by a strong increase in type IIB fibers (from 24% to 62%), at the expense of type IIA fibers. These findings are in contrast to those after foreign (cross) reinnervation of leg muscles where the fiber transfor mation (according to the foreign motor input) occurs in parallel with the reinnervation process during the first 2-3 months. The delayed fiber transformation observed could be the consequence of the highly enlarged peripheral field of the omohyoid motoneuron pool or could merely reflect a general difference between limb and neck muscles. Whatever the case may be, in the present experiments the afferent input, which is not fully restored until 9 months, could play a crucial role in contrast to limb muscles, where the successful motor reinnervation takes place in the absence of sensory activity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092230314
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