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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional differences in cell density and cell genesis in the olfactory epithelium of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1984), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Olfactory epithelium ; Neurogenesis ; Tiger salamander
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory epithelium undergoes continuous regeneration. The present quantitative study uses tritiated thymidine autoradiography to investigate regional differences in the rate of olfactory epithelial cell genesis in the tiger salamander. There was a significant gradient in the incorporation of thymidine from the posterior to the anterior in the nasal cavity: the posterior epithelium underwent cell genesis much faster than the anterior. Additionally, the posterior epithelium was thinner and contained fewer cells than the anterior, although the proportions of receptor, supporting and basal cells remained about the same throughout the epithelium. After 5 or 20 days most of the labelled cells were found in the basal cell layer, although there were a few labelled supporting cells. This confirms observations in other species that there are two populations of dividing cells in the olfactory epithelium: the basal cells which give rise to receptor cells, and the supporting cells. The gradients in epithelial thickness, receptor cells, and the rate of cell genesis parallel a gradient in responsiveness to odorants observed in electrophysiological studies (Mackay-Sim et al. 1982; Mackay-Sim and Shaman 1984). The significance of these anatomical and physiological gradients is presently unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231136
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory role of the visually responsive region of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 471-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Bursts ; Inhibition ; Receptive fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two-shock inhibition, a feature of 98 of 100 P cells recorded in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the normal rat, was not observed in 91 of 140 geniculate cells after an electrolytic lesion had been made in the adjacent visually responsive thalamic reticular nucleus. Nine geniculate cells recorded both before and after a reticular lesion had their initial inhibition abolished or substantially reduced after the lesion. The reticular lesion eliminated the bursts of spikes which normally terminate periods of inhibition following electrical or photic stimulation but caused no other changes in receptive field organization of geniculate cells. We conclude that the visually responsive region of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat is responsible for the profound two-shock inhibition and for the post-inhibitory bursts which are normal properties of relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237834
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional differences in cell density and cell genesis in the olfactory epithelium of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 426-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235324
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Life Span of Olfactory Receptor Neurons (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 3 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The life span of olfactory receptor neurons was investigated after injection of a retrograde tracer into the olfactory bulb. Mice were injected unilaterally with colloidal gold conjugated with Concanavalin A and their olfactory epithelia were examined after 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days. Gold particles could be seen in the epithelia at all survival periods after silver intensification. There was no gold in the epithelia on the uninjected side. In order to test whether gold could be recycled within the epithelium upon the death of receptor neurons, the olfactory bulbs of some mice were ablated 4 days after colloidal gold injection. None of the receptor neurons in these epithelia contained gold at any survival period. To investigate whether gold was continuously available at the injection site, olfactory bulbs were examined by electron microscopy. By 7 days after injection all gold was sequestered intracellularly and was presumably unavailable for uptake by the olfactory axons. These results indicate that olfactory receptor neurons live for at least three times the commonly accepted life span of 30 days. A long life span challenges the widely held view that olfactory receptor neurons are regularly replaced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00081.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretoneurin is released into human airways by topical histamine but not capsaicin (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 60 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  The neuropeptide secretoneurin, with potential relevance to leukocyte trafficking, is present in nerves of the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis and may be released in response to allergen and histamine exposure. There is no information on the occurrence and mechanisms of release of secretoneurin in healthy human airways.Methods:  The presence of secretoneurin in nasal biopsies and its release in response to nasal capsaicin and histamine challenges were examined. Symptoms and lavage fluid levels of fucose were recorded as markers of effects in part produced by neural activity. Bronchial histamine challenges followed by sputum induction and analysis of secretoneurin were also carried out.Results:  Nerves displaying secretoneurin immunoreactivity abounded in the nasal mucosa. Nasal capsaicin challenge produced local pain (P 〈 0.05) and increased the levels of fucose (P 〈 0.05), but failed to affect the levels of secretoneurin. Nasal histamine challenge produced symptoms (P 〈 0.05) and increased the mucosal output of secretoneurin (P 〈 0.05) and fucose (P 〈 0.05). Bronchial histamine challenge increased the sputum levels of secretoneurin (P 〈 0.05).Conclusions:  We conclude that secretoneurin is present in healthy human airways and that histamine evokes its release in both nasal and bronchial mucosae. The present observations support the possibility that secretoneurin is involved in histamine-dependent responses of the human airway mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00713.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Size of Mitral Cells Depends on the Age at Which Continuous Odor Exposure Commences (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43618.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell dynamics in the olfactory epithelium of the tiger salamander: a morphometric analysis (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Neural development ; Olfactory receptor cell ; Tiger salamander
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The factors controlling neurogenesis and differentiation of olfactory receptor cells in adults are poorly understood, although it is often stated that these cells undergo continual turnover after a pre-determined lifespan. An interesting model in which to study mechanisms which control olfactory receptor neurogenesis and cell turnover is the tiger salamander, since basal cell mitosis varies with epithelial thickness and location in the nasal cavity. This paper presents a quantitative light-microscopic study of the different cell types within the ventral olfactory epithelium of the tiger salamander using a computer-assisted morphometric analysis of 2 μm sections. The results show that the surface density of olfactory vesicles remained constant throughout most of the epithelium and was independent of nasal cavity location, epithelial thickness and the total number of nuclei per unit epithelial surface area. Histological classification of nuclei into different cell types indicated that the increase in total cell number with epithelial thickness was mainly due to an increase in the number of immature receptor cells since the number of supporting cells varied only slightly and the numbers of basal cells and mature receptor cells remained constant except in the thinnest, most caudally located epithelium. It is concluded that the rate of maturation of receptor cells may be limited by an optimal surface density of olfactory vesicles. That is, when this density reaches 4.5×104 vesicles per mm2 there is a physical or chemical mechanism which prevents the final maturation of newly developing receptor cells, leading to their accumulation. This mechanism may also account for the variations in basal cell mitosis in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247534
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory function in zinc-deficient adult mice (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Zinc deficiency ; Olfactory epithelium ; Sense of smell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult zinc deficiency reportedly leads to degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in the rat. Human zinc deficiency can cause reduced olfactory sensitivity. Given the importance of zinc in embryonic neural development its primary action on the adult olfactory system may be to disrupt olfactory receptor neurogenesis. We report here on the effects of zinc deficiency on the olfactory system of the adult mouse. After 42 days of dietary restriction of zinc, mice were tested behaviourally for olfactory function and general activity. Their olfactory epithelia were examined histologically using [3H]-thymidine autoradiography to identify recently-divided cells, and immunohistochemistry for olfactory marker protein to identify mature receptor neurones. Zinc deficient mice failed to show a food odour preference but they Were as active as controls and their olfactory epithelia appeared normal. Basal cell proliferation and postmitotic survival were similar to controls and the epithelia were of normal thickness and were positive for olfactory marker protein. It was concluded that zinc deficiency did not affect the turnover of cells in the olfactory epithelium. It may disrupt olfactory function through interference with zinc-containing neurones in higher olfactory centres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253638
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