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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buformin concentrations in a case of fatal lactic acidosis (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Lactic acidosis ; plasma buformin concentration ; tissue buformin concentration ; biguanides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fatal case of lactic acidosis in a 84 year old diabetic woman taking buformin is reported. Buformin concentrations in serum, other body fluids and tissues were measured by gas chromatography. Serum buformin concentration at admission was 5.5 mg/1. Postmortem concentrations were: in serum 3.2mg/l; in lung 2.8mg/kg wet weight; in heart 3.0mg/kg; in pericardial fluid 3.5 mg/1; in liver 5.2 mg/kg; in bile 6.3 mg/1; and in kidney 98 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253815
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buformin concentrations in a case of fatal lactic acidosis (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Lactic acidosis ; plasma buformin concentration ; tissue buformin concentration ; biguanides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fatal case of lactic acidosis in a 84 year old diabetic woman taking buformin is reported. Buformin concentrations in serum, other body fluids and tissues were measured by gas chromatography. Serum buformin concentration at admission was 5.5 mg/l. Postmortem concentrations were: in serum 3.2 mg/l; in lung 2.8 mg/kg wet weight; in heart 3.0 mg/kg; in pericardial fluid 3.5 mg/l; in liver 5.2 mg/kg; in bile 6.3 mg/l; and in kidney 98 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01789112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case of fatal poisoning by rifampicin (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 48 (1981), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; Intoxication ; Rifampicin and metabolites in post mortem material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The toxicologic findings of a fatal poisoning with rifampicin (Rimactan) are presented. The concentration of rifampicin and its two major metabolites 25-desacetylrifampicin and 3-formylrifamycin in post-mortem blood, urine, bile and liver at about 10 h after ingestion of 14–15 g was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The results of the toxicological analyses were compared with findings in fatal and non-fatal intoxications and after therapeutic administration of the drug. Possible explanation for the fatal outcome is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Ergebnisse der Obduktion und der toxikologischen Untersuchung einer tödlichen Vergiftung mit Rifampicin berichtet. Die Konzentration von Rifampicin und seinen beiden Hauptmetaboliten 25-Desacetylrifampicin und 3-Formylrifamycin wurde mittels Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie in Blut, Harn, Gallenflüssigkeit und Leber bestimmt. Der Tod war etwa 10 Std nach Einnahme von 14–15 g Rifampicin eingetreten. Die Ergebnisse der toxikologischen Analysen werden mit den Ergebnissen in anderen tödlichen und nichttödlichen Vergiftungen sowie mit den Ergebnissen nach therapeutischer Applikation des Arzneimittels verglichen. Für den tödlichen Ausgang wird eine mögliche Erklärung gegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319652
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the efficacy of charcoal haemoperfusion in the treatment of three cases of acute thallium poisoning (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 57 (1985), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Thallium ; Intoxication ; Haemoperfusion ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of intermittent charcoal haemoperfusion in combination with forced diuresis and Prussian Blue therapy was evaluated in three cases of thallium poisoning. At a blood flow of 300 ml/min the average blood clearance values obtained with haemoperfusion were 72 ± 11 ml/min (mean±SD) at a starting blood concentration above 2 mg/l and 120 ± 23 ml/min (mean ± SD) below this blood level. As a result of the combined intensive treatment, the thallium half-lives in blood observed during the period monitored were only 25–41 h. Removal of thallium by haemoperfusion is faster per unit of time than simultaneous excretion by forced diuresis. When forced diuresis was combined with intermittent (4–20 h intervals) haemoperfusion therapy, the total elimination by each technique was about equivalent over the period of combined treatment. Saturation of the Adsorba 300 C columns occurred during treatment. As a result, the clearance obtained did decrease to half the initial value in 2–3 h. As this decrease in efficacy is related to the blood concentration, haemoperfusion is more efficient at lower blood concentrations. This is in contradistinction to forced diuresis, of which the excretion is proportional to the blood concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286577
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5-HT1A Receptor Agonist Flesinoxan Enhances Fos Immunoreactivity in Rat Central Amygdala, Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Hypothalamus (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 5-Hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists, including flesinoxan, reduce anxiety and activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under basal conditions. In order to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms we investigated immunoreactivity for the immediate early gene protein product Fos (Fos-ir) in rat brains 1 h after flesinoxan treatment (0.0, 0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg p.0.). Typically, 5-HT1A receptor-containing brain areas, such as the dorsal raphe nuclei, hippocampus, septum, diagonal band and the cortical and basomedial amygdala, do not show Fos-ir. Apparently, binding of flesinoxan at the 5-HT1A receptor does not directly lead to activation of c-fos in the cell, probably due to its negative coupling to adenylate cyclase. However, in typically non-5HTlA receptor-containing brain areas Fos-ir is increased due to flesinoxan treatment, as in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the dorsolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTd1) and the central amygdala (CeA). Flesinoxan-treated rats also exhibited higher plasma corticosterone levels than vehicle-treated animals, which suggests the involvement of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or vasopressin in the hypothalamus. After double immunolabelling (Fos/CRH or Fos/vasopressin), every CRH neuron detected in the PVN also contained Fos. Moreover, a significant correlation existed between the number of Fos-ir neurons in the PVN and the plasma corticosterone level. Hardly any Fos/ vasopressin double labelling was visible in the PVN. Accordingly, flesinoxan exerts its activating effects on the HPA axis via CRH neurons in the PVN. These effects are transsynaptically mediated by other brain areas, such as the CeA and BNSTdl, which also show increased Fos-ir.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01197.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The concentration of thiamphenicol in severely diseased human kidneys (1978)
    Springer
    Infection 6 (1978), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konzentration von Thiamphenicol im Serum und im Nierengewebe wurde bei 17 Patienten mit verschiedenen schweren Nierenerkrankungen nach einer intravenösen Injektion von 1000 mg bestimmt. Zwei Stunden nach Applikation reichten die Nierengewebespiegel bei Patienten mit Hydronephrosen von 38,0–63,5µg/g, bei Patienten mit Schrumpfnieren von 17,9–42,7µg/g, bei Patienten mit Pyonephrose von 9,8–17,6gmg/g und bei Patienten mit Nierencarcinomen von 37,7–64,2µg/g. Der Patient mit Nierensarkom hatte einen Spiegel von 138,7µg/g. Zum gleichen Zeitpunkt erreichten die Serumkonzentrationen Werte von 4,6–15,2µg/ml. Die höchsten Verteilungsquotientne wurden bei Patienten mit Hydronephrosen und Nierentumoren beobachtet, die niedrigsten bei den Fällen mit Pyonephrose. Der Einfluß verschiedener Nierenerkrankungen auf diese Verteilungsquotienten wird diskutiert. Die hohen Gewebespiegel von Thiamphenicol bei Patienten mit verschiedenen schweren Nierenerkrankungen zeigt eine gute Möglichkeit bei der antibakteriellen Chemotherapie von Niereninfektionen.
    Notes: Summary The concentration of thiamphenicol in serum and renal tissue was determined in 17 patients with severely diseased kidneys after an intravenous injection of 1000 mg of the drug. Two hours after the administration the renal tissue concentrations ranged in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys from 38.0–63.5µg/g, in patients with cirrhotic kidneys from 17.9–42.7µg/g, in patients with pyonephrosis from 9.8–17.6εg/g and in patients with renal carcinoma from 37.7–64.2εg/g. The patient with the renal sarcoma had a level of 138.7µg/g. At the same time the serum concentration ranged from 4.6–15.2µg/ml. The highest renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol were observed in patients with hydronephrotic kidneys and renal tumours, the lowest in cases of pyonephrosis. The influence of severe renal disease on the renal tissue/serum concentration ratios of thiamphenicol is discussed. The high renal tissue levels of thiamphenicol in patients with severely diseased kidneys fulfill an important condition for the antibacterial chemotherapy of kidney infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01641907
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of the Calvert formula to determine the optimal carboplatin dosage (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 121 (1995), S. 478-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: AUC ; Calvert formula ; Carboplatin ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Pharmacodynamics ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carboplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent frequently used in the treatment of various malignancies. The myelotoxicity and clinical efficacy of carboplatin correlate with the clearance of the drug, which is correlated to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Dosing of this agent based solely upon the patients body surface area is therefore not accurate enough; the GFR, and thus the clearance of carboplatin differ in each patient irrespective of the body area. Consequently, some patients undergo a higher systemic exposure, expressed as the area under the plasma concentration/time curve (AUC), than others when dosages of carboplatin are given on the basis of the body surface area. A high AUC correlates with increased toxicity, thus increasing the risks of the treatment, but in the case of a low AUC the therapeutical efficacy decreases. This indicates that an individual dosing strategy is warranted to obtain the optimal AUC. In this article, the development and application of a simple equation, known as the Calvert formula, are discussed. This formula can be used to calculate the carboplatin dose accurately in order to obtain a target AUC by using only the GFR. The formula is: dose (mg)=AUC (mg ml−1 min)×[GFR (ml/min)+25 (ml/min)]. This formula has proven to be, in both retrospective and prospective studies, a reliable tool to calculate the optimal dose of carboplatin. Future studies should determine the value of the creatinine clearance as a measure for the GFR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01218365
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paraquat poisoning in man (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Paraquat-Poisoning ; Fullers' Earth ; Hemodialysis ; Paraquat ; Vergiftung ; Analyse ; Fullers' Erde ; Hämodialyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Paraquat Dichlorid wurde spektrophotometrisch bestimmt in Blut, Dialysat, Stuhl und Urin in drei Fällen von Vergiftung durch Gramoxone®. Aufarbeitung des biologischen Materials geschah durch lonenaustausch-Chromatographie mit Hilfe von Dowex 50W-X12 oder Zeo-Karb 225. Zeo-Karb 225 wurde für die Bestimmung, besonders wenn große Volumina Flüssigkeit erforderlich waren, vorgezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß nach oraler Einnahme nur 5 bis 10 % des Paraquat-Dichlorid resorbiert wird. Tägliche Verabreichung von Fullers' Erde ist nützlich. Sofortige Hämodialyse ist begründet und therapeutisch notwendig.
    Notes: Abstract In three cases of intoxication by Gramoxone®, the concentration of paraquat dichloride in blood, dialysate, feces, and urine was determined spectrophotometrically after a clean-up of the biological material by means of ion exchange chromatography (with Dowex 50W-X12 or Zeo-Karb 225). Although good results were obtained after clean-up with Dowex 50W-X12, Zeo-Karb was preferred as ion exchange resin, especially when large sample volumes were needed for the determination. The reported findings indicate that: only 5 to 10% of an ingested dose of paraquat dichloride is absorbed in man, Fullers' earth is very useful, and that primary, e.g. immediate, hemodialysis is necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353313
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of lorazepam in plasma by electron capture GLC (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; Lorazepam ; Plasma analysis ; Electron capture GLC ; Benzodiazepine ; Lorazepam ; Analyse von Plasma ; GasFlüssigkeitschromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Lorazepam im Plasma wird beschrieben. Das Lorazepam wird aus der Plasmaprobe extrahiert, dann wird das intakte Lorazepam mittels Gas-Flüssigkeitschromatographie mit Elektroneneinfangdetektion analysiert. Massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß Lorazepam unter gaschromatographischen Konditionen eine thermische Verlagerung erfährt. Das Detektionslimit ist 0,01 mg/l. Das Verfahren zeigt ein Linearität von 0,01–0,80 mg Lorazepam pro Liter Plasma.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for the determination of lorazepam plasma levels involving extraction from the sample and analysis of the intact lorazepam by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Using mass spectrometry it is demonstrated, that lorazepam shows a thermal rearrangement under gas chromatographic conditions. The limit of detection is 0.01 mg/l and the assay shows a linearity from 0.01–0.80 mg lorazepam per liter of plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293571
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limited-sampling models for anticancer agents (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 120 (1994), S. 427-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Chemotherapeutic agents ; Limited-sampling models ; Pharmacodynamics ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pharmacokinetic parameters of antineoplastic drugs are usually generated from concentration/time profiles obtained after multiple venipunctures. With limited-sampling models (LSM) this number can be reduced to between one and three timed plasma samples. LSMs may facilitate population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, which eventually may lead to a dosing strategy based on the characteristics of the individual patient. In this article, the development, validation and application of several LSMs reported in the literature are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240143
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