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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking in a national birth cohort (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 100 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  To assess (i) continuities in binge drinking across adulthood and (ii) the association between adolescent drinking level and adult binge drinking.Design  Population-based prospective birth cohort.Setting  England, Scotland and Wales.Participants  All births during one week in March 1958 (n = 8520 in analysis).Measurements  Alcohol consumption reported at 16, 23, 33 and 42 years. Binge drinkers were identified by dividing number of units of alcohol consumed in the last week by usual drinking frequency, with limits of ≥10 units/occasion for men and ≥7 for women.Findings  Four in five cohort members drank alcohol at least twice a month. Prevalences of binge drinking at 23, 33 and 42 years among men were 37%, 28% and 31% and among women 18%, 13% and 14%. Most binge drinkers in adulthood changed drinking status during this period. Nevertheless, binge drinking at age 23 increased the odds of binge drinking at 42 years: odds ratio (OR) 2.10 (95% CI 1.85, 2.39) for men; OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.29,1.89) for women. Women who rarely or never drank aged 16 were less likely than light drinkers (0–2 units/week) to binge drink as adults, OR at 23 years 0.65 (95% CI 0.55, 0.77). Men who were heavier drinkers (≥7 units/week) at 16 years were more likely than light drinkers to binge drink throughout adulthood; at 42 years, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.33, 2.08).Conclusions  Binge drinking is common in British men and women throughout adulthood with continuities between the 20s and 40s. Adolescent drinking has a modest although important association with adult binge drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01034.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances in adolescence as predictors of adult smoking (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim  To investigate effects of cigarette consumption level and socio-economic circumstances during adolescence on adult smoking.Methods  1958 British birth cohort (all births 3–9 March 1958). Logistic regression used to predict (i) smoking at 41 years and (ii) persistent smoking (at 23, 33 and 41 years) from cigarette consumption and socio-economic circumstances at 16 years, indicated by social class and educational qualifications.Results  Of 6537 subjects with full smoking history, 30% smoked at 16 years, 23% smoked at 41 years and 19% smoked at 23, 33 and 41 years (persistent smokers). Heavier smokers at 16, 23 and 33 years were more likely to smoke at 41 years than lighter smokers. The odds ratio (OR) of smoking at 41 years was 2.5 for men and 3.0 for women who smoked ≥60 cigarettes/week at age 16, relative to 〈20 cigarettes/week. Subjects from manual social backgrounds and those with no qualifications had elevated risks of being a smoker at 41 years or a persistent smoker. These effects were robust to adjustment for adolescent consumption level (e.g. adjusted OR for no qualifications was 3.8). However, adolescent consumption level modified the effect of educational achievements. Among lighter adolescent smokers, those gaining higher qualifications had lower prevalence of smoking at 41 years (16%) than men with no qualifications (83%); among heavier adolescent smokers, prevalence was more similar for subjects with higher (56%) and no qualifications (69%).Conclusions  Socio-economic background appears to influence adult smoking behaviour separately from adolescent cigarette consumption which is a recognized measure of nicotine dependence. There was some evidence that effects of early nicotine dependence are modified by educational achievements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00552.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explaining social class differences in psychological health among young adults: a longitudinal perspective (1992)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 27 (1992), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between psychological health and occupational class was investigated in the large British sample of 23-year-old subjects from the 1958 birth cohort study. Odds of poor psychological health [indicated by (1) the Malaise Inventory and (2) seeking help for a psychological problem between ages 16 and 23] were significantly greater in classes IV and V than in classes I and II: odds ratios were (1) 3.90 and 5.84, (2) 2.32 and 2.33 for men and women, respectively. Explanations for these differences were examined using longitudinal data representing ‘inheritance’ at birth, socio-economic background, educational achievement, earlier health and behaviour. The analyses suggested that each of these contributes to class differences in psychological health. Behaviour at age 16 (identified from the Rutter Behaviour Scale) was particularly notable for both psychological measures, as were educational achievement (for Malaise) and unemployment (for psychological morbidity needing specialist help). Mechanisms by which such factors might operate are discussed. Having accounted for earlier circumstances, class differences were no longer significant, except for Malaise in women. In this case an odds ratio of more than twofold remained after adjusting for earlier circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00788900
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental dyscalculia: prevalence and prognosis (2000)
    Springer
    European child & adolescent psychiatry 9 (2000), S. II58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-165X
    Keywords: Key words Developmental dyscalculia – prevalence – prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prevalence of developmental dyscalculia (DC) in the school population ranges from 3–6%, a frequency similar to that of developmental dyslexia and ADHD. These studies fulfilled the criteria for an adequate prevalence study, i.e., were population based, using standardized measures to evaluate arithmetic function. Although the variation in prevalence is within a narrow range, the differences are probably due to which definition of dyscalculia was used, the age the diagnosis was made and the instrument chosen to test for DC. The relative predominance of girls with DC may reflect a greater vulnerability to environmental influences alone or in addition to a biological predisposition. DC is not only encountered as a specific learning disability but also in diverse neurological disorders, examples of which include ADHD, developmental language disorder, epilepsy, treated phenylketonuria and Fragile X syndrome. Although the long-term prognosis of DC is as yet unknown, current data indicate that DC is a stable learning disability persisting, at least for the short term, in about half of affected children. The long-term consequences of DC and its impact on education, employment and psychological well-being have yet to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007870070009
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhipicephalus sanguineus: Observations on the parasitic stage on dogs in the Negev Desert of Israel (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 17 (1993), S. 793-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen dogs were studied for infestation with R. sanguineus in Kibbutz Ze'elim in the north-western part of the Negev Desert over a period of one year. The mean number of ticks per dog per month was 16.4. The majority of the ticks were adults: males (48.6%) and females (34.4%). The cars and abdomen of the dog were the predilection sites for the ticks. Male ticks were more abundant on the ears, whereas female ticks were more abundant on the ears and the abdomen. A strong correlation between tick numbers and the ambient temperatures was found. The mean percentage of dogs infested in the winter months was 16.6% and increased in the summer months to 34.4%. During winter, ticks were found more often on the ears and head of their hosts whereas in summer they were distributed mainly on the ears, headd and abdomen. The male: female ratio was higher in winter (2.3:1) than in summer (1.1:1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225852
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