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Notes: We show experimentally and theoretically that coupling between a spin system and the NMR probe, which is responsible for radiation damping, can also act to generate multiple-quantum coherences, even in molecules such as water which ordinarily have no multiple-quantum spectrum. We discuss the implications of this observation for solvent suppression sequences and for preparing nonequilibrium spin states.

Notes: Eighty winter-calving dairy cows of mixed parity were managed in four grassland-based systems of milk production (F-F, F-C, C-F and C-C) over a full lactation (year 1) and during the winter period of the subsequent lactation (year 2). During the winter periods cows on systems F-F and F-C were offered silages of high feeding value, supplemented with 6·0 kg d−1 of concentrate [crude protein (CP), 307 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] through an out-of-parlour feeding system, while cows on systems C-F and C-C were offered silages of medium feeding value, supplemented with c. 12·8 kg d−1 of concentrate (CP, 204 g kg−1 DM), in the form of a complete diet. After 25 February in year 1, cows on systems F-F and C-F were given access to grazing for periods of increasing duration, achieving full turnout on 17 April. Thereafter, until 21 October, these cows were offered a high daily allowance of herbage within a flexible grazing system (23·0 kg DM per cow, measured above a height of 4·0 cm), supplemented with 0·5 kg d−1 of a ‘high magnesium’ concentrate. Cows on systems F-C and C-C (year 1) commenced grazing on 1 April, achieving full turnout on 17 April. Thereafter, until 20 October, these cows were managed on a restricted allowance of herbage in a rotational paddock grazing system, with concentrates (average allocation, 3·9 kg d−1) being offered according to yield. In year 2, cows on systems F-F and C-F were given access to grazing for periods of increasing duration, from 11 March to 8 April, at which point the study was terminated.With systems F-F, F-C, C-F and C-C, mean feed inputs and milk outputs (per animal) during year 1 of the study were as follows: total concentrate DM intakes [881, 1272, 1729 and 2171 kg (s.e.m. 96·1)]; total silage DM intakes [1722, 1713, 1047 and 1154 kg (s.e.m. 70·7)], total grass DM intakes (3245, 2479, 3057 and 2481 kg) and total milk outputs [7541, 7527, 7459 and 7825 kg (s.e.m. 305·8)] respectively. Stocking rates associated with each of the four systems were 2·2, 2·5, 2·6 and 2·9 cows per hectare respectively. Performance of dairy cows on the systems during the winter of year 2 was similar to that recorded during year 1. The results of this study indicate that similar levels of milk output, DM intakes, tissue changes and plasma metabolite profiles can be achieved from grassland-based systems involving very different combinations of grass silage, grazed grass and concentrate feeds.