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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulant actions of histamine H1 antagonists on operant behavior in the squirrel monkey (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 77 (1982), S. 156-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benztropine ; Promethazine ; Diphenhydramine ; Antihistamines ; Histamine ; Operant behavior ; Squirrel monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Squirrel monkeys were studied under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement in which the first response (lever press) after a fixed period of time resulted either in the delivery of a food pellet or in the termination of stimuli associated with impending electric shock delivery. Benztropine mesylate (0.03–1.7 mg/kg), promethazine HCl (0.3–10 mg/kg), and diphenhydramine HCl (0.3–17 mg/kg) all produced marked increases in responding at intermediate doses. The increases in responding were at least as great as those observed with psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamine, in this species under similar behavioral conditions. Benztropine was most potent and diphenhydramine was least potent in most monkeys and, in some, promethazine and diphenhydramine were about equipotent. The order of potency and the magnitude of potency differences among the drugs suggest that the behavioral effects were due to antagonist actions at histamine H1 receptors, rather than to effects on dopamine uptake or on muscarinic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431939
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pentobarbital, promazine, d-amphetamine, and scopolamine effects on behavior under multiple and primed schedules of reinforcement (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentobarbital ; Promazine ; d-Amphetamine ; Scopolamine ; Food reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pigeons responded under compound fixedinterval (FI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of food presentation. Distinctive discrimininative stimuli were either continuously present during each component schedule (multiple FI FR) or were present only for a brief period at the beginning of each component (primed FI FR). Similar rates and patterns of responding were maintained under the multiple and primed schedules. Pentobarbital, scopolamine, and d-amphetamine decreased FR responding, but promazine had little effect at the doses studied. d-Amphetamine and promazine increased FI responding at certain doses, pentobarbital had little effect, and scopolamine decreased responding. There were no systematic differences in the effects of drugs under the multiple and primed schedules, in spite of the differences in discriminative stimuli under the conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427759
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine uptake inhibitors on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 377-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benztropine ; Bupropion ; Mazindol ; Nomifensine ; Operant behavior ; Fixed interval ; Fixed ratio ; Dopamine uptake inhibition ; Squirrel monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Squirrel monkeys responded under a multiple fixedinterval (FI) fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of stimulus-shock termination. Benztropine mesylate (0.03–1.7 mg/kg), bupropion HCl (0.3–5.6 mg/kg), mazindol (0.01–0.3 mg/kg), and nomifensine maleate (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) markedly increased responding under the FI schedule, but not under the RR schedule. Mazindol was about three-times more potent than nomifensine and ten-times more potent than bupropion. Benztropine and mazindol were about equal in potency. The order and relative magnitude of potency differences for mazindol, nomifensine, and bupropion are similar to those reported by others for in vitro inhibition of dopamine uptake in rat striatum, but the relative potency of benztropine was greater in these behavioral experiments than expected from its potency in inhibiting dopamine uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433746
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixed ratio schedules of food presentation and stimulus shock termination: Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, and clozapine (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 70 (1980), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Eixed ratio schedule ; Food ; Electric shock ; d-amphetamine ; Morphine ; Clozapine ; Squirrel monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Squirrel monkeys responded under a multiple schedule in which 30 responses during a specified time limit resulted in either food presentation or termination of visual stimuli associated with impending shock delivery. Schedule components were associated with different colored lights and were separated by 60-s timeout periods in which all lights were extinguished. If the response requirement was not met within the time limit, either the time-out period alone (food components) was presented or a single shock was delivered coincident with onset of time-out. In experiments with d-amphetamine, different control rates of responding were engendered by varying the time limit. When the time limit was 60 s, all monkeys responded at higher overall rates during food presentation components. When the time limit was reduced to 15s, rates of responding in both components increased and became more similar than under the 60-s limit. When control rates in the two components differed under the 60-s time limit, d-amphetamine sulfate (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) increased the normally lower rates under the shock schedule at intermediate doses, but generally only decreased the higher rates under the food schedule. With more comparable control rates under the 15-s time limit, the effects of amphetamine were also more comparable. In most cases low and moderate doses either had little effect or slightly increased responding in both schedule components and higher doses decreased responding. Morphine sulfate (0.03–1.7 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.1 – 3.0 mg/kg) decreased responding comparably under both food and shock schedules with the 15-s time limit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432367
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative potencies of histamine H1 antagonists as behavioral stimulants in the squirrel monkey (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 380-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432234
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital by response consequences (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 53 (1977), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Pentobarbital ; Reinforcement ; Punishment ; Pigeon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Keypecking in one group of pigeons was maintained under schedules in which food was presented only when a specified number of responses was followed by a 30-s pause without a response. d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of responding (and, thus, decreased food presentation) only after initial injections or when, during drug sessions, responses during the 30-s period did not reset the period. When responses during the pause-interval postponed food delivery, the rate-increasing effects of both drugs diminished over succeeding administrations. Thus, immediate effects of response consequences were as influential as the actual presence of a drug in determining the reproducibility of the behavioral effects of that drug. In a second experiment, keypecking in another group of pigeons was maintained under a 10-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation but suppressed by a 100-response fixed-ratio schedule of shock delivery (punishment). d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of punished responding when shock delivery was eliminated during drug sessions. Pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, also increased punished responding when shock delivery was present. Rate-increasing effects of these drugs were determined by not only predrug patterns of responding but also effects of reinforcers and punishers that occurred during exposure to the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426485
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of methamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled and adjunctive licking in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-Controlled Behavior ; Adjunctive Behavior ; Licking ; Drinking ; Methamphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of methamphetamine (0.03–1.7 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (3.0–30.0 mg/kg) were studied in a situation in which the same motor response, licking a water-filled tube, served as a schedule-controlled and as an adjunctive behavior. Rats responded under a 3-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food presentation in which the required response was a lick on the tube (schedule-controlled); licking also occurred following every food presentation (adjunctive). Adjunctive licking occurred at a high, steady rate, but schedule-controlled licking was emitted at a changing rate over time, characteristic of FI schedules. Both drugs had little effect on overall adjunctive licking, except for decreases at the highest doses, but there were changes in the pattern of adjunctive licking. Methamphetamine produced only decreases in schedule-controlled licking, but chlordiazepoxide produced dose-dependent increases. In general, the magnitude of drug effect on local rates of responding within the FI was related to control rates of responding within the same periods, but there were instances in which the magnitude of effect depended also on whether licking was adjunctive or schedule-controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429197
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Punished behavior: Increases in responding after d-amphetamine (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-Controlled Behavior ; d-Amphetamine ; Punishment ; Avoidance ; Multiple Schedule ; Squirrel Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responding maintained in squirrel monkeys under a 10-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation was suppressed by presenting a shock after every 30 th response (punishment). During alternate 10-min periods of the same experimental session, but in the presence of a different discriminative stimulus, responding either had no effect (extinction) or postponed delivery of an electric shock (avoidance). During sessions when the avoidance schedule was not in effect, d-amphetamine sulfate decreased punished responding. When the avoidance schedule was present during alternate 10-min periods, however, d-amphetamine (0.01–0.56 mg/kg, i.m.) markedly increased responding during punishment components. Increases in responding during avoidance components were also evident. The effects of d-amphetamine on punished responding depend on the context in which that responding occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421301
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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