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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compound Eye Evolution: Highly Conserved Retinula and Cone Cell Patterns Indicate a Common Origin of the Insect and Crustacean Ommatidium (1997)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 542-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050442
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of Small Sense Organs: Sensilla on the Larval Antennae Traced Back to the Origin of the Diptera (1998)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 85 (1998), S. 501-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050539
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The early stages of ommatidial development in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 206 (1996), S. 136-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Compound eye development ; Equator ; Evolution ; Homology ; Tribolium (Insecta ; Coleoptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Using electron microscopy, the first stages of ommatidial development in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum were analysed in relation to the cellular architecture of the adult compound eye and were compared to the corresponding patterning process in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The ommatidia of the slightly horse-shoe shaped beetle compound eye contain six peripheral and two central retinula cells. The rhabdomere of the posteriorly located central photoreceptor cell is restricted to the distal half of the rhabdom whilst that of the anterior one is restricted to its proximal half. The development of the compound eye takes place in an external eye imaginal disc. Most stages of ommatidial development, as known from Drosophila, i.e. arc-like cell groups, five-cell clusters, immature eight-cell clusters and symmetrical eight-cell clusters, are very precisely conserved between the two species. Two major differences exist: 1. In Tribolium, the cone cell precursor cells synchronously join to the immature eight-cell cluster. As a consequence, the symmetrical eight-cell cluster immediately transforms into a four-cone-cell cluster. 2. The maturing ommatidia do not undergo rotation in Tribolium. Overall, no morphological indiation for an equator in the adult Tribolium compound eye could be found. Considering the strong evolutionary conservation of early ommatidial development, homology of photoreceptor cells of distantly related insects is proposed to be inferred from their ontogenetic origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050039
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the visual system ofChaoborus crystallinus (Diptera, Chaoboridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 110 (1991), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present findings on the fine structure of the ommatidia and stemmata [lateral ocelli] of larvalChaoborus. The organization of these photoreceptors is compared with that of imaginai compound eyes and stemmata of related taxa; their homology is elucidated. Peculiar attributes of the larval ommatidium include the lack of a corneal lens, the presence of a eucone crystalline cone which is composed of four Semper cells, and the location of most retinula cell nuclei proximal the basal lamina. Two primary and 10–12 accessory pigment cells are present whose nuclei are situated distally along with the nuclei of the cone cells. The retinula cells are arranged in a pattern common to most Diptera. Surrounding the central retinula cell (R8) are retinula cells R1–R7. R7 distally sends a process to the center of the ommatidium. Rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are in a tandem position. The rhabdom belongs to the fused type since the extracellular space between neighboring rhabdomeres and/or retinula cells is very small. The two stemmata are referred to here as primary and accessory stemma. The primary stemma is a complex formation of three fused units. Each of these units is itself a stemma. A dioptric apparatus can be found which is composed of a single-cell crystalline cone and a group of refractive cells. The secondary stemma possesses neither a dioptric apparatus nor pigment granules. Its rhabdom is voluminous but its arrangement is not fixed. Though these stemmata represent a highly derived situation, where several ommatidia or stemma units have been fused, arguments supporting the homology of stemmata and ommatidia can be furthered. The crystalline cone, though made of a single Semper cell, can be homologized with the cones of ommatidia since the fine structure is identical. Cones of both primary stemma and compound eye are of the eucone type, and centrally contain granules which exhibit a crystalline arrangement. Apart from refraction, Semper cells are involved in cuticle formation. Refractive cells may be homologous to either cone or pigment cells. The pattern in which refractive and cone cells of the primary stemma are arranged appears to be induced by retinula cells. Some of stemmata's characters which are very uncommon for ommatidia may be based on constraints due to complex stemma formation or to functional changes. Among many taxa related to Chaoboridae, a homologous group of stemmata with similar arrangement of units can be found. It is revealed that well-developed imaginal compound eyes within larval stages represent a synapomorphy of Culicidae and Chaoboridae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01633007
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic lobes of the larval and imaginal scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris (Mecoptera, Panorpidae): A neuroanatomical study of neuropil organization, retinula axons, and lamina monopolar cells (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Optic lobe ; Stemmata ; Compound eye ; Neuropil ; Panorpa vulgaris (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Panorpa larvae possess stemmata (lateral ocelli), which have the structure of compound eyes, and stemma lamina and stemma medulla neuropils. A distinct lobula neuropil is lacking. The stemma neuropils have a columnar organization. They contain lamina monopolar cells, and both short and long visual fibers. All the identified larval monopolar neurons have radially arranged dendrites along the entire depth of the lamina neuropil and a single terminal arborization within the medulla (L1/L2-type). The terminals of visual fibers have short spiny lateral projections. Long fibers possess en passant synapses within the lamina. The same principles of organization of first and second order visual neuropils are found in Panorpa imagines. In contrast to the larvae, a lobula neuropil is present. Adults have monopolar cells of the L1-type that are similar to the L1-neurons found in Diptera. The columnar organization, the presence of short and long visual fibers, and lamina monopolar neurons are thus features common to both visual systems, viz., the larval (stemmata) and the imaginal (compound eyes).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319426
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central projections of Tömösváry’s organ in Lithobius forficatus (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 283 (1996), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Tömösváry’s organ ; Sensilla ; Sensory projections ; Protocerebrum ; Lithobius forficatus (Antennata ; Opisthogoneata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Afferents of Tömösváry’s organ innervate multiple synaptic sites within the ipsilateral protocerebrum, i.e. neuropil areas proximal to the 2nd optic neuropil, in the dorsolateral protocerebrum, and surrounding the pedunculus of the ”mushroom bodies”. Sensory input via Tömösváry’s organ in Lithobius appears to follow a peculiar neuronal pathway bypassing the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum which are innervated by many head sensilla in arthropods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050543
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optic lobes of the larval and imaginal scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris (Mecoptera, Panorpidae): A neuroanatomical study of neuropil organization, retinula axons, and lamina monopolar cells (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Visual system – Optic lobe – Stemmata – Compound eye – Neuropil –Panorpavulgaris (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. ITA〉Panorpa larvae possess stemmata (lateral ocelli), which have the structure of compound eyes, and stemma lamina and stemma medulla neuropils. A distinct lobula neuropil is lacking. The stemma neuropils have a columnar organization. They contain lamina monopolar cells, and both short and long visual fibers. All the identified larval monopolar neurons have radially arranged dendrites along the entire depth of the lamina neuropil and a single terminal arborization within the medulla (L1/L2-type). The terminals of visual fibers have short spiny lateral projections. Long fibers possess en passant synapses within the lamina. The same principles of organization of first and second order visual neuropils are found in Panorpa imagines. In contrast to the larvae, a lobula neuropil is present. Adults have monopolar cells of the L1-type that are similar to the L1-neurons found in Diptera. The columnar organization, the presence of short and long visual fibers, and lamina monopolar neurons are thus features common to both visual systems, viz., the larval (stemmata) and the imaginal (compound eyes).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319426
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fangtrichter und Tellereisen: Jäger des Sandes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 28 (1998), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: „Dämonen des Sandes“ nannte W. Wheeler in seinem 1930 erschienenen Buch die Larven der Ameisenjungfern (Myrmeleonidae, Planipennia), die Ameisenlöwen, und die Wurmlöwen (Vermileonidae, Diptera) [10]. Daß sie diesen Namen zu Recht tragen, zeigt ihr außergewöhnliches Verhalten. Unbeweglich lauern sie am Grund eines Fangtrichters auf ihre Beute, die sie mit einer schnellen Bewegung ergreifen. Ähnlich verhalten sich Sandlaufkäferlarven, ebenfalls Räuber des Sandbodens. Sie sitzen in der öffnung einer senkrechten Röhre und springen ihre Beute unvermittelt an. Trockenheit, Winderosion und Nahrungsmangel machen den Sandboden für die meisten Insekten zu einem unwirtlichen Lebensraum. Durch spezielle Anpassungen sind die Larven dieser drei Insektenfamilien jedoch in der Lage, dort zu überleben. Diese Besonderheiten haben schon die Zoologen früherer Jahrhunderte fasziniert.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960280105
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