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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of cutaneous pathology 30 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Trichilemmal (pilar) cysts are common skin lesions that usually occur on the scalp of elderly women. They differentiate towards the follicular outer root sheath epithelium and show trichilemmal keratinization. Proliferating trichilemmal tumor (PTT) shows features of typical pilar cyst, but additionally shows extensive epithelial proliferation, variable cytologic atypia and mitotic activity. The malignant potential of PTT is controversial, as only a small number of histologically malignant PTTs and a smaller number of clinically malignant PTTs have been reported.Methods:  We retrieved from our archives five PTTs that deviated from ordinary PTTs with regards to either cytology or architecture. We also reviewed all previous reports of histologically malignant PTTs, with the goal of delineating criteria for the diagnosis of malignant PTTs.Results:  Five cases of PTT showing atypical cytoarchitectural features were retrieved from our archives and reviewed with respect to size, growth pattern, cellularity, cytologic atypia, and mitotic activity. The patients (four female, one male) ranged from 54 to 83 (mean 65) years. The tumors measured from 1 to 16 cm in diameter (mean 5 cm) and four out of five occurred on the scalp. All tumors showed at least focal areas of typical PTTs. Three cases were circumscribed but had areas of moderate to focally marked cytologic atypia. Two cases showed infiltrative growth, marked cytologic atypia and mitotic activity. Clinical follow-up was available for four of five cases and ranged from 6 to 84 (median 48) months. Follow-up showed two cases with local recurrence and one case with distant metastasis. This last patient died of disease; all other patients are disease-free.Conclusions:  Review of our cases and the published literature suggests that the diagnosis of malignant PTT be given to PTT showing a combination of non-scalp location, recent rapid growth, size greater than 5 cm, infiltrative growth, and significant cytologic atypia with mitotic activity. At the present time the stratification of malignant PTT into low- and high-grade categories is not possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Myoepithelial neoplasms, both benign and malignant, are rare but well-established clinicopathologic entities in the salivary glands, the breast, and the lung. Despite similarities between cutaneous sweat glands and glandular structures in the above-mentioned organs as well as the presence of regular myoepithelial cells around cutaneous eccrine/apocrine glands, the concept of cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms is still debatable and not commonly accepted.Methods:  Twenty cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms have been studied histologically and immunohistochemically.Results:  Nine neoplasms showed features of benign mixed tumor of the skin (chondroid syringoma) (five females and four males, age range 19–65 years, all cases arose in the head and neck region). Two cases represented the eccrine and seven the apocrine subtype. Interestingly, in three cases of the apocrine subtype, solid areas composed predominantly of myoepithelial cells were detected; these neoplasms were designated as benign mixed tumors with prominent myoepithelial cells. Nine cutaneous neoplasms were composed of spindled, epithelioid, and plasmocytoid cells without ductal differentiation and immunohistochemically stained variably positive for vimentin, epithelial and myogenic markers, S-100 protein, calponin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (four females and five males, age range 3–71 years, four cases arose in the head and neck region and one case each on the finger, the thigh, the lower leg, the foot, and the breast, respectively); these neoplasms were designated as cutaneous myoepitheliomas. Two morphologically malignant neoplasms with cytologic and immunohistochemical features of myoepithelial cells arose on the face of a 70-year-old female and a 79-year-old male patient; these neoplasms were designated as malignant cutaneous myoepitheliomas (cutaneous myoepithelial carcinomas).Conclusions:  The study suggests a continuous spectrum of cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms ranging from benign mixed tumor of the skin to cutaneous myoepithelioma and cutaneous myoepithelial carcinoma. Further studies with extended follow-up information are necessary to establish prognostic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of cutaneous pathology 29 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Glomus tumors are benign, mainly superficially located perivascular neoplasms, composed of cytologically characteristic neoplastic cells staining immunohistochemically positive for vimentin and muscle actin, closely associated with often branching blood vessels.Methods:  Six cases of glomus tumor were analysed histologically and immunohistochemically.Results:  We report six cases of glomus tumor (three solid glomus tumors, two glomangiomas, one glomangiomyoma) arising on the fingers of adult patients (five female and one male patient; age range 35–65 years) that showed prominent myxoid stromal changes and immunohistochemically a coexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and CD34 by neoplastic cells.Conclusions: Neoplastic cells in glomus tumor may show a coexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and CD34, an important finding regarding the differential diagnosis of these lesions and the relationship of perivascular neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of cutaneous pathology 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Hobnail hemangioma (targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma) is a small benign vascular tumor of the superficial and mid-dermis. In contrast to its well-characterized histology, it has been unclear whether this tumor arises from blood vessel endothelial cells (BECs) or lymphatic vessel endothelial cells (LECs).Methods:  We analyzed 10 hobnail hemangiomas by immunohistochemistry, using the recently described lymphatic endothelial cell marker, D2-40. For comparison, CD31, CD34, and α-smooth muscle actin expression were studied in consecutive sections of the paraffin-embedded tissues.Results:  In all analyzed vessels, D2-40 labeled exclusively LECs, whereas BECs were consistently negative. In contrast to capillary BECs, either neighboring the tumors or intermingled, neoplastic endothelial cells of all 10 hobnail hemangiomas were strongly labeled by D2-40.Conclusions:  The results suggest a lymphatic origin for hobnail hemangiomas. This view is further supported by the CD34 negativity of endothelial cells and the lack of actin-labeled pericytes in hobnail hemangiomas, both characteristic of lymphatic vessels. Moreover, our analysis revealed that microshunts between neoplastic lymphatic vascular channels and small blood vessels occur, explaining some features of hobnail hemangiomas, such as aneurysmatic microstructures, erythrocytes within and beneath neoplastic vascular spaces, inflammatory changes, scarring, and interstitial hemosiderin deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of cutaneous pathology 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  BRAF, a serine/threonine kinase, is a component of the retrovirus-associated sequence (RAS)–RAF–extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK)–MAP kinase signal transduction pathway mediating signals from RAS to ERK.The T1796A single point mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene has recently been reported in a high percentage of malignant melanomas and benign melanocytic lesions such as congenital nevi, compound nevi, intradermal nevi and dysplastic nevi. The T1796A mutation has been shown to promote cell proliferation.Methods:  We screened 21 Spitz nevi and six spitzoid malignant melanomas for the presence of the T1796A BRAF mutation.Results:  The T1796A BRAF mutation could not be detected in any of the 21 Spitz nevi but was present in two of the six spitzoid malignant melanomas.Conclusions:  Our results, in conjunction with data from a previous investigation, suggest that the melanocytic proliferation of Spitz nevi might be induced by components of the RAS–RAF–ERK–MAP kinase pathway different from BRAF, possibly combined with other genetic aberrations. The lack of the T1796A BRAF mutation might be of practical importance in distinguishing Spitz nevi from other melanocytic lesions simulating Spitz nevi as a part of a future complex diagnostic assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of cutaneous pathology 26 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0560
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hobnail hemangioma, also known as “targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma”, represents a distinctive, benign vascular tumor, characterized histologically by a biphasic growth pattern of dilated vascular structures in the superficial dermis lined by prominent hobnail endothelial cells, and collagen dissecting, rather narrow neoplastic vessels in deeper parts of the lesion. We analyzed the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features in a series of 62 cases. Patient age range was 6-72 years (median: 32 years); 34 patients were male and 25 female. Clinically, a broad variation of diagnoses ranging from hemangioma to dermal melanocytic nevus and fibrous histiocytoma was suggested. Nineteen tumors arose in the lower and 13 in the upper extremities, 12 on the back, 8 in the buttock and hip region, and one case on the chest wall. Follow-up information on 35 patients (range from 1 to 4 years; mean: 1.5 years) revealed no local recurrence nor systemic metastasis. All neoplasms were located in the dermis and showed a broad morphologic spectrum in dependence of the age of the lesions. In addition to lesions resembling cavernous lymphangioma or lymphangioma circumscriptum, neoplasms were seen widi morphologic features reminiscent to retiform hemangioendothelioma, progressive lymphangioma and so-called Dabska's tumor. Immunohistochemistry performed in 28 cases showed positive staining of tumor cells for CD31 in all cases tested, whereas only 3 out of 28 cases stained completely positive for CD34. In addition 4 out of 8 cases stained positively for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Neoplastic endothelial cells were surrounded by actin-positive pericytes in only 7 out of 27 cases tested. Hobnail hemangioma occurs more frequently in male patients and arises commonly in the extremities and the trunk. Histologic and immunohistochemcial features suggest a lymphatic line of differentiation for this distinctive vascular neoplasm.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 20 (1999), S. 98-109 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Periphere Nervenscheidentumoren ; Neurofibrom ; Schwannom ; Neurom ; Perineuriom ; Neurothekeom ; Plexiform ; Epitheloid ; Melanozytisch ; Key words Periphral nerve sheath tumours ; Neurofibroma ; Schwannoma ; Neuroma ; Perineurioma ; Neurothekeoma ; Cellular ; Plexiform ; Epithelioid ; Melanotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Until recently, benign cutaneous neural tumours which do not fulfil criteria for either neurofibrom or schwannoma often were lumped into the broad category of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours (PNST). However, during the last years a number of new entities of neural tumours have been described, and advances in immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy have helped us to better understand the cytological differentiation in these neoplasms. The knowledge of these distinctive neoplasms is necessary in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls and misdiagnosis of more aggressive neoplasms. These distinctive lesions include: neurothekeoma, which can divided into classical myxoid and cellular types showing characteristic histological and immunohistochemical features. Typical neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma) is a lobular or nodular dermal neoplasm composed of plump spindled or stellated, S-100 positive tumour cells set in a maxoid stroma. In contrast, cellular neurothekeoma is characterized as an ill-defined dermal neoplasm composed of concentric nests and fascicles of spindle-shaped and epitheloid tumour cells, which are S-100 negative but stain positively for NKIC3. The evidence of intermediate forms of neurothekeoma showing features of ordinary hypocellular neurothekeoma and cellular neurothekeoma, as well as ultrastructural studies, emphasize that both variants represent a spectrum of neurothekeoma; solitary circumscribed neuroma („palisaded encapsulated neuroma”) manifests mainly as a skin-colored or pink papule or nodule, and is most often located on the face. Histologically, solitary circumscribed neuroma is a well-circumscribed round or ovoid dermal neoplasm composed of interwoven fascicles of schwann cells, which stain positively for S-100 protein and numerous neurofilament positive axons surrounded partly by fibroblasts and EMA-positive perineurial cells; perineurioma is a rare well-circumscribed neoplasm which occurs mainly in subcutaneous tissue and only rarely in the dermis and in deep soft tissues. Perineurioma is composed of elongated bipolar spindle-shaped tumour cells which are arranged in storiform, whorled, linear or lamellated growth patterns, The tumour cells stain positively for vimentin and EMA, and for CD 34 in a number of cases, but lack positivity for S-100 protein, neurofilament and desmoplakin. In addition unusual forms of schwannoma (cellular schwannoma, solitary plexiform schwannoma, melanotic schwannoma) and neurofibroma („atypical” (bizarre) neurofibroma, diffuse neurofibroma, epithelioid neurofibroma) are briefly discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gutartige kutane Tumoren des Nervenhüllgewebes, die nicht in die übliche Kategorie eines Schwannoms oder eines Neurofibroms paßten, wurden bisher häufig kategorisch als benigne peripere Nervenscheidentumoren (PNST) bezeichnet. In den letzten Jahren kam es zur Beschreibung einer Reihe von neuen Entitäten neural differenzierter Tumoren, und mit Hilfe der Immunhistochemie und der Elektronenmikroskopie konnte die zelluläre Differenzierung dieser Neoplasien immer besser verstanden werden. Die Kenntnis dieser charakteristischen Entitäten ist von Bedeutung, um gegebenenfalls die Mißdiagnose von aggressiveren Tumoren zu vermeiden. Diese Entitäten schließen ein: das Neurothekeom, bei dem neben einer hypozellulären, myxoiden Form (Nervenscheidenmyxom) eine zellreiche Variante unterschieden werden kann, die jeweils charakteristische histologische und immunhistochemische Merkmale aufweisen. Das typische Neurothekeom (Nervenscheidenmyxom) ist ein knotig oder lobulär konfiguriertes dermales Neoplasma, das aus plump spindeligen oder sternförmigen Tumorzellen besteht, die immunhistochemisch S-100 Protein positiv sind und in einer myxoiden Matrix gelagert sind. Demgegenüber ist das zellreiche Neurothekeom ein unscharf begrenzter dermaler Tumor, der aus in konzentrischen Nestern und Faszikeln angeordneten spindeligen und epitheloiden Tumorzellen aufgebaut ist, die S-100 Protein negativ sind, jedoch eine kräftige Immunpositivität gegenüber NKIC3 aufweisen; das solitär umschriebene Neurom („palisandenförmiges gekapseltes Neuron”) wird meist als haut- oder rosafarbene Papel oder Knoten im Gesichtsbereich gesehen. Diese gut umschriebenen dermalen Neoplasien sind aus Faszikeln spindeliger S-100 Protein positiver Schwann-Zellen und zahlreichen Axone aufgebaut, die teilweise von Fibroblasten und EMA-positiven perineuralen Zellen kapselartig umgeben werden; das Perineuriom ist ein seltener, ebenfalls gut umschriebener Tumor, der meist im subkutanen Gewebe gesehen wird und nur selten in der Dermis oder dem tiefen Weichgewebe nachweisbar ist und aus elongierten spindeligen Tumorzellen mit bipolaren Zytoplasmafortsätzen besteht. Die Tumorzellen sind immunhistochemisch positiv gegenüber Vimentin und EMA, in einem Teil der Fälle exprimieren sie auch CD34. Charakteristischerweise sind die Tumorzellen des Perineurioms in storiformen, wirbeligen, linearen oder lamellären Gewebsmustern angeordnet. Weiterhin werden kurz einige seltene Varianten von Schwannomen (zellreiches Schwannom, solitär plexiformes Schwannom, melanozytisches Schwannom) und Neurofibromen („atypisches” (bizarres) Neurofibrom, diffuses Neurofibrom, epitheloides Neurofibrom) diskutiert.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Symplastisches Hämangiom ; Pleomorphes Angioleiomyom ; Mehrkernige Zellen ; Kernpleomorphie ; Keywords Symplastic hemangioma ; Pleomorphic angioleiomyoma ; Multinucleate cells ; Pleomorphic nuclei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and Objective. Endothelial nuclear atypia is the hallmark of malignant vascular tumors. Pleomorphic nuclei of the muscular vessel wall and the adventitia are manifestations of degenerative phenomena and should not be misinterpreted as signs of malignancy. Patients/Methods. Three long-standing solitary superficial vascular tumors (61-year-old woman, 48- and 63-year-old men) were removed by primary excision. Sections were stained according to standard histologic and immunohistologic protocols. Results. Symplastic hemangiomas show the silhouette of a small superficial angioleiomyoma or capillary hemangioma. Characteristic features are multinucleate cells of the muscular vessel wall and the adventitia with pleomorphic nuclei, broad hyalinized vessel walls, and the distinctive lack of endothelial nuclear atypia. Recurrences or metastases were not reported (follow-up of 9, 45 and 90 months). Conculsions. Symplastic hemangioma is a benign superficial hemangioma with histological features of a pseudomalignancy. The distinctive lack of endothelial nuclear atypia allows distinction from malignant vascular tumors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Endotheliale Kernatypien sind das wesentliche Merkmal maligner vaskulärer Tumoren. Pleomorphkernige Gefäßwand- und Adventitiazellen dagegen sind oft nur Ausdruck degenerativer Vorgänge und sollten nicht als Hinweis auf Malignität fehlgedeutet werden. Patienten/Methodik. Drei jeweils solitäre oberflächliche vaskuläre Tumoren (61-jährige Frau, 48- und 63-jähriger Mann) wurden primär exzidiert und histologisch/immunhistologisch untersucht. Ergebnisse. Symplastische Hämangiome haben die feingewebliche Silhouette eines kleinen oberflächlichen Angioleiomyoms oder kapillären Hämangioms. Charakteristisch sind mehr- und pleomorphkernige Gefäßwand- und Stromazellen, breite hyalinisierte Gefäßwände und das distinkte Fehlen endothelialer Kernatypien. Bei einem Follow-up von 9, 45 und 90 Monaten traten weder Rezidive noch Metastasen auf. Schlussfolgerungen. Das symplastische Hämangiom ist ein pleomorphkerniges pseudomalignes gutartiges oberflächliches Hämangiom, das aufgrund fehlender endothelialer Kernatypien von malignen Gefäßtumoren abgegrenzt werden kann.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämangiom ; Büschelartiges Hämangiom ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Keywords Haemangioma ; Tufted angioma ; Vascular lesion ; Diagnostic ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Tufted angioma represents a benign vascular lesion of the skin. The knowledge of this distinctive entity is important in distinction of clinically more aggressive and malignant neoplasms respectively. Case report. We report a 8-months-old girl who developed a deep seated tufted haemangioma on her right forearm. Sonography and MRI showed a good vascularized tumor with interseptal spreading. Histological examination of the incisional biopsy revealed a cellular capillary haemangioma with morphological features of rare tufted haemangioma. Discussion. Characteristic morphological features of tufted haemangioma allow accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis to clinically more aggressive and malignant neoplasms of skin and soft tissues, wheras radiological methods are rather unspecific and do not distinguish reliably between these vascular lesions. It is of special clinical importance that tufted haemangioma represents an enlarging but biologically benign vascular neoplasm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Das büschelartige Hämangiom (“tufted angioma”) ist ein benigner vaskulärer Tumor der Haut, dessen Kenntnis in der Differenzialdiagnose zu aggressiveren und malignen Tumoren wichtig ist. Fallbericht. Es wird über ein 8 Monate altes Mädchen mit diesem Tumor im Unterarmbereich berichtet. Sonographie und Magnetresonanztomographie zeigten einen gut vaskularisierten Weichgewebetumor, bei dem aufgrund interseptaler Ausbreitung ein maligner Prozess nicht ausgeschlossen werden konnte. Die Histologie der Inzisionsbiopsie ergab ein zellreiches kapillares Hämangiom, dessen morphologische Veränderungen eine Einordnung als ein seltenes büschelartiges Hämangiom erlaubten. Diskussion. Eine Abgrenzung des büschelartigen Hämangioms gegenüber aggressiveren und malignen vaskulären Läsionen der Haut ist aufgrund des typischen histologischen Bilds möglich, während eine Differenzierung mit Hilfe bildgebender Verfahren nicht gelingt.
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