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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 324-326 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Monolithic bistable étalons with a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well active layer and AlAs/Al0.1Ga0.9As Bragg reflectors have been fabricated by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The design of the whole structure is such that a good cavity finesse and a high contrast in the reflective mode are simultaneously obtained. This results in a bistability power threshold of 〈3 mW at 838 nm and a contrast ratio as high as 30:1. The nonlinear refractive index is shown to saturate at higher power, which evidences the need of a good cavity finesse for such bistable devices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 2138-2140 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Compact bistable GaAs étalons with epitaxial GaAs/AlAs Bragg reflectors have been fabricated by metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Their monolithic structure is convenient for further technological steps. It has been found that the good thermal conductivity of the mirror layers allows more efficient heat sinking and leads to improved switching characteristics. A 2:1 contrast ratio and a 20 ns switching time have been obtained in the reflective mode, with a 4 mW threshold power and a strongly reduced dependence of the switch-off threshold upon incident pulse duration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 1849-1851 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Monolithic bistable étalons with a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well active layer and AlAs/Al0.1Ga0.9As Bragg reflectors have been fabricated by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. They exhibit a very good memory effect. Experiments with an additional external beam at the same and at a different wavelength have been performed. They demonstrated thresholding, pulse shaping, amplification, and wavelength conversion. Moreover, the use of a diode laser external beam showed the possibility of controlling an intense beam with a weaker beam. We describe an experimental configuration in the reflection mode and at normal incidence, which allows mixing the two input beams and extracting the output beam with an ideal 100% efficiency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 3479-3481 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: In situ reflectometry with a 514-nm laser beam was used to monitor AlAs and GaAs layer thicknesses grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The effective optical indices of these materials have been calibrated at the growth temperature by using an original method based on ex situ double crystal x-ray diffraction measurement. According to these measured indices, the in situ laser reflectometry at 514 nm appears to be well suited for a real-time thickness control of the GaAs/AlAs based Bragg reflectors. Finally, Bragg reflectors centered at 980 nm have been grown using the reflectometry at 514 nm. X-ray diffraction and reflectivity measurements performed on these reflectors confirm a 1% reproducibility and accuracy of the wavelength stop band center.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Human T γδ lymphocytes, bearing Vγ9 Vδ2 chains, constitute a small proportion (1–5%) of the lymphocytes in the blood. These cells recognize nonpeptidic molecules such as phosphoantigens, intermediary metabolites products by microorganisms, including parasites. These antigens are recognized in the absence of molecules CMH. Our previous results have shown that Plasmodium falciparum synthetize phosphoantigen, intermediary products of the Rohmer pathway. These phosphoantigens are able to induce the proliferation of T γδ lymphocytes, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and providing a parasitotoxic activity against parasitized red blood cells. Also, during the acute phase of infection, these lymphocytes increase both in percentage and numbers. Today, the biological role of T γδ lymphocytes remains poorly understood. Indeed, these lymphocytes are found in primates but there is no equivalent in rodents. We decided to study this population in the infection model Plasmodium falciparum/spleen intact Saimiri scirieus. In this monkey, we found a population of TVγ9 (representing 0.2–1% of total lymphocytes in the peripheral blood) which react with phosphoantigens as do human TVγ9 cells. Activation kinetics of these cells in infected monkeys show an early activation occuring on the 6th day of infection, while the CD4 T activation starts at day 10. Also, we observed an important increase of numbers and percentages of these TVγ9. Their maximal peak coincides with the beginning of parasite clearance. Together, these data associated with parasitotoxic activity in vitro argue for a role of TVγ9 cells in parasitemia control, particulary during primary infection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0248-4900
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Although the swelling of clays has been thoroughly studied, the mechanism by which this occurs in clay soils is not so fully understood. We have developed a technique to study the swelling and three-dimensional deformation of a soil sample during wetting by adapting a triaxial apparatus. This equipment applies a controlled, confined and isotropic pressure to the periphery of the samples. A constant flow of solution is injected into the base of the sample while the lateral and axial deformations are simultaneously controlled. The development of the interstitial pressure, positive or negative, is measured. When the soil is thoroughly wetted, the equipment measures the saturated hydraulic conductivity.The swelling of the soil is not necessarily isotropic, and practically all the possibilities of lateral, isotropic and vertical swelling can be encountered. Furthermore, the swelling can be preceded by significant lateral shrinkage, caused by fissures. The results show the importance of confinement pressure when measuring the swelling of the samples.The adaptation of a triaxial apparatus to the study of the permeability and swelling of soils appears to be promising as it also allows the geometric development of the samples to be traced as well as the changes in the chemical composition of the percolating solutions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: A new measuring technique based on a capillary rise method has been developed to quantify the wettability of more or less decomposed peats (the main materials used as horticultural growing media) in relation to their water content. A preliminary study of their physico-chemical and biochemical characteristics enabled us to study the variation of their physical properties (particularly their rewetting capacity) in relation to their degree of decomposition. Analysis of these physical properties during two drying and rewetting cycles showed that the greater their degree of decomposition, the greater and more irreversible was their shrinkage. The change from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity was measured by the increase of the water contact angle during desiccation and by the progressive change from bipolar to apolar surfaces. A strong correlation between the water retention of peats (related to their degree of decomposition) and their free energy (also called hydration energy) at the interface between solid and water ΔGSW is also shown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 24 (1992), S. S193 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We discuss recent results showing the possibility of reducing further the switching threshold of GaAs quantum well bistable microresonators, taking into account the materials optical properties, both in the nonlinear medium and in the Bragg reflectors, as well as their departure from ideality, due to fabrication constraints. Threshold minimization in the presence of nonlinear index saturation is discussed, and the implications of this optimization on the geometrical design of bistable cavities are described. We present a new topographic technique for the assessment of the cavity resonance at various sample points. This technique is found to be very valuable for the characterization of the optical quality of epitaxial wafers grown for vertical cavity devices. Finally, we present some new approaches for the restriction of the lateral size of the device, and discuss the ultimate threshold reductions that can be expected from these considerations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le cycle biologique d'Hepatozoon domerguei (sporogonie, schizogonies primaire et secondaire, endogénie) est décrit en détail. D'autres Coccidies telles que Toxoplasma et Klossiella lui sont comparées et les auteurs proposent l'hypothèse suivante: Le cycle fondamental d'une Coccidie de Vertébré est double et comprend deux cycles dont la vitesse de développement est très différente mais tous deux issus du sporozoïte: a) l'un, rapide, comprend plusieurs générations schizogoniques tissulaires et aboutit à la formation des gamétocytes qui sera suivie par la sporogonie. Il permet la transmission du parasitisme par un vecteur hématophage ou par le milieu extérieur. C'est le type de cycle habituellement décrit chez la plupart des Coccidies. b) l'autre, après une phase de division par endogenèse, produit des formes d'attente ou kystes dont l'évolution ne peut se poursuivre que chez un deuxième hôte vertébré, prédateur, qui les ingère. Le kyste assure la dissémination de l'infection dans la nature par deux mécanismes: 1) l'animal prédateur qui a ingéré des kystes, fait, s'il est réceptif, à la fois une infection de type a) et une infection de type b). Il devient ainsi infectant pour le vecteur par ses gamétocytes et pour d'autres prédateurs par ses kystes; 2) certains prédateurs, peu réceptifs au cycle de type a) peuvent néanmoins héberger des kystes dans leurs tissus et transmettre ainsi le parasite lorsqu'ils sont ingérés à leur tour. Les résultats d'expériences préliminaires suggèrent l'existence de deux populations différentes d'oocystes (grande et petite); seuls les grands seraient à l'origine des kystes.
    Notizen: Summary A detailed description of the life cycle of H. domerguei (sporogony, primary and secondary schizogony, endogeny) is given. Comparisons with other Coccidians such as Toxoplasma and Klossiella are made, and the authors' hypothesis concerning the life cycle is as follows: the fundamental cycle of a vertebrate coccidian is dual; the sporozoite gives rise simultaneously to (1) a schizogonic cycle with primary and secondary schizonts followed by a gametogony and (2) to cysts which divide by endogeny, remain latent in the tissues and are infective to predators. Both are responsible for the natural dissemination of the infection by two different mecanisms: a) the schizogonic cycle produces the gametocytes which initiate the sporogony. The oocysts develop inside a vector or are expelled by the host in the external environment. This is the pattern commonly described for the coccidians. b) the cysts spread the infection among predatory hosts also in two ways:—production of schizonts, gametocytes and oocytes (mecanism a)—production of new cysts at the same time (mecanism b). Even a host which is insusceptible to schizonts and blood forms can be a host for the latent cysts and become infective for other predators. The importance of the cysts varies with the parasite species: it is very important for Toxoplasma and Hepatozoon, probably non functional in Klossiella which is mainly a parasite of non predatory animals; the cysts may perhaps have disappeared from the cycles of some Coccidians when they lost their role in the natural transmission. It is also suggested, after some preliminary results, that there are two different populations of oocysts, one of them being responsible for the later production of cysts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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