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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of Adhesion Molecule Expression on Rat Cortical Astrocytes During Maturation (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 60 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: During development of the vertebrate CNS the functional properties of astrocytes change significantly. Many of these functional changes result from modifications in the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules on astrocytes that mediate the interactions of astrocytes with other astrocytes, neurons, and growing axons. In this study we have compared the cell surface expression of HNK-1, NCAM, and laminin on rat cortical type-I-like astrocytes during maturation in vitro and in vivo. Both the proportion of immunoreactive cells and the relative levels of expression of these antigens on different aged astrocyte populations were assayed by flow cytometry. At birth, most cortical type-I astrocytes express high levels of HNK-1 and NCAM, while ∼50% of the cells express laminin. During maturation in vitro, the proportion of cortical astrocytes that expressed these surface molecules decreased over a period of 28 days, even though cell size and glial fibrillary acidic protein content increased. During maturation in vivo, a qualitatively and temporally similar decrease in antigen expression on astrocytes was observed. This reduction in the expression of specific cell surface molecules on maturing astrocytes results from maturation of a single population of astrocytes and not differential proliferation of a nonexpressing subpopulation of astrocytes, as shown by cell cycle analysis of both immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive cell populations. These data indicate that during maturation of rat cortical type-I-like astrocytes, the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules is regulated. Furthermore, this regulation appears to be cell autonomous and not dependent on environmental factors. Such regulation of adhesion molecule expression may have profound consequences for the functional properties of astrocytes during CNS maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03308.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Novel Type of Glial Cell Associated with Nodes of Ranvier in Rat Optic Nerve (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 1 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using Golgi impregnation and intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, we show that the adult rat optic nerve contains two distinct types of astrocyte-like glial cells: one has mainly radially oriented processes that terminate on blood vessels or on the pial surface; the other has mainly longitudinally oriented processes that associate with, and often terminate at, nodes of Ranvier, but do not end on blood vessels or the pial surface. The sequence of appearance of the two types of glial cells in the developing nerve, taken together with previous immunocytochemical findings, suggests that these cells may correspond to the two types of astrocytes previously described in cultures of perinatal optic nerve cells—those with mainly radially oriented processes corresponding to type-1 astrocytes and those with mainly longitudinally oriented processes corresponding to type-2 astrocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a class of central nervous system (CNS) glial cell whose processes are primarily associated with nodes of Ranvier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00785.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrocyte Transplantation Induces Callosal Regeneration in Postnatal Acallosal Mice (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 495 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23675.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium (1983)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 303 (1983), S. 390-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have identified a cell type in 7-day-old rat optic nerve that differentiates into a fibrous astrocyte if cultured in the presence of fetal calf serum and into an oligodendrocyte if cultured in the absence of serum. In certain culture conditions some of these cells acquire a mixed phenotype, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/303390a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bull-Worker syncopy: Congenital subclavian steal syndrome following isometric exercise (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 12 (1991), S. 105-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Syncope ; Subclavian steal syndrome ; Isometric exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with congenital great artery abnormality facilitating subclavian steal is presented. Sustained isometric upper body exercise, using a “Bull-Worker,” resulted in vertebrobasilar steal symptoms (subclavian steal syndrome) shortly after exercise. A mechanism for the timing of symptoms following isometric exercise is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02238413
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of neonatal transection on glial cell development in the rat optic nerve: evidence that the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte cell lineage depends on axons for its survival (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 13 (1984), S. 961-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have previously provided evidence that the rat optic nerve contains three types of macroglial cells that develop as two distinct lineages: one lineage comprises type 1 astrocytes, which develop before birth, while the other comprises oligodendrocytes and type 2 astrocytes, which develop after birth from a common, bipotential glial progenitor cell. In the present study we have examined the influence of axons on the development of these two glial cell lineages by cutting the optic nerve at birth so that the retinal ganglion cell axons in the nerve degenerate. Using antibodies to distinguish the different types of glial cells in suspensions and semithin frozen sections of cut and uncut optic nerves, we show that neonatal transection results in a striking decrease in the total number of oligodendrocytes, type 2 astrocytes and their progenitor cells but has much less effect on the number of type 1 astrocytes. Since the [3H]thymidine labelling indices of oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells were not significantly decreased in cut nerves, our results suggest that the progenitor cells and/or their progeny die in large numbers following neonatal nerve transection. We conclude that axons are required for the survival of cells of the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte lineage, at least during postnatal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01148596
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that migratory oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells are kept out of the rat retina by a barrier at the eye-end of the optic nerve (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 17 (1988), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is evidence that oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells migrate along the developing rat optic nerve from the chiasm toward the eye before differentiating into oligodendrocytes that myelinate the retinal ganglion cell axons in the nerve. Why, then, do these progenitor cells not migrate into the eye, differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate the nerve fibre layer of the retina? Myelination would opacify the neural retina and thereby severely impair vision. Here we provide evidence that there is a barrier at the eye-end of the rat optic nerve that prevents the migration of O-2A progenitor cells into the retina. Our findings in the rat support a previous hypothesis that such a barrier keeps myelin-forming glial cells out of the human retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01735374
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1H NMR study of cis-trans isomerization in two analogs of the thiol form of thiamine (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 22 (1984), S. 75-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) was used to study cis-trans isomerization in N-methyl-N-(1-methylthio-2-propenyl)formamide and N-benzyl-N-(1-methylthio-2-propenyl)formamide, two analogs of the thiol form of thiamine. Benzene dilution studies and shift reagent studies were used to make resonance assignments, which indicate that the predominant isomer for each analog has the C—C bond trans to the carbonyl oxygen. Shift reagent studies, using Pr(fod)3 in CCl4 or CDCl3, suggest that the reagent may be bonding to both the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the substrate. For some of the systems studied, varying ρ at constant temperature had the same spectral effect as varying temperature at constant ρ.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270220204
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