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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 337-337 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1973), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die mit dem Redoxsystem saures Permanganat/Thioharnstoff ausgelöste Polymerisation von Acrylamid wurde in Wasser bei 30 ± 0,2 °C und unter Stickstoff untersucht. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (Rp) ist der Konzentration von Kaliumpermanganat (Katalysator) im Bereich von 0,5 · 10-2 bis 1,40 · 10-2 mol dm-3 nahezu proportional und unabhängig von der Thioharnstoffkonzentration. Sie ist weiterhin proportional der Salzsäurekonzentration im Bereich von 2,85 · 10-2 bis 11,4 · 10-2 mol dm-3 und steigt mit der Monomerknozentration im Bereich von 2,5 · 10-2 bis 12,5 · 10-2 mol dm-3 linear an, um bei höherer Konzentration wieder abzufallen. Sowohl die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Polymerisation (Ri) als auch der höchste Umsatz nehmen bis 35 °C mit steigender Temperatur zu, aber der maximale Umsatz nimmt bei noch höherer Temperatur ab. Im Temperaturbereich von 25 bis 45 °C beträgt die Aktivierungsenergie der gesamten Reaktion 47,70 kJ mol-1 (11,48 kcal mol-1). Mit Ausnahme von Mangan(II)salzen bewirkt das Zufügen von Salzen eine Senkung von Rp und vom maximalen Umsatz. Kationische und anionische Netzmittel steigern bzw. vermindern Rp wohingegen die neutralen Netzmittel Rp nicht beeinflussen.
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylamide, initiated by acidic permanganate/thiourea redox system, was studied in aqueous media at 30 ± 0,2 °C in nitrogen. The rate of polymerization (Rp) was found to be proportional to nearly the first power of the catalyst (KMnO4) concentration, within the range of 0,5 · 10-2 to 1,4 · 10-2 mol dm-3, and independent of the thiourea concentration. However, the rate of polymerization varies with the first power of the hydrochloric acid concentration within the range of 2,85 · 10-2 to 11,4 · 10-2 mol dm-3, and increases linearly up to certain extent by varying the monomer concentration from 2,5 · 10-2 to 12,5 · 10-2 mol dm-3. A deviation from the linear behaviour is observed, however, above a concentration of 12,5 · 10-2 mol dm-3.The initial rate of polymerization (Ri) as well as the maximum conversion increases by increasing the temperature up to 35 °C, but the maximum conversion falls as the temperature rises above 35 °C. The overall energy of activation is found to be 47,70 kJ mol-1 (11,48 kcal/mol-1) within the temperature range of 25-45 °C. Addition of salts, except manganous salts, was found to be associated with a depression in the Rp and maximum conversion. The effect of cationic and anionic surfactants has been found to increase and decrease the Rp respectively; non-ionic detergents, however, have no effect on the Rp.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 751-762 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylamide initiated by the acidic permanganate-ascorbic acid redox pair has been studied in aqueous media at 30 ± 0.2°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The initial rate of polymerization has been found to be proportional to nearly the first power of the catalyst KMnO4 concentration within the range 6.0 × 10-3-14.0 × 10-3 mole/l. The rate is proportional to the first power of the monomer concentration within the range 4.00 × 10-2-12.0 × 10-2 mole/l. However, the rate of polymerization is independent of ascorbic acid concentration within the range 3.0 × 10-3-6.0 × 10-3 mole/l., but the further increase of the concentration depresses the rate of polymerization as well as maximum conversion. The initial rate increases but the maximum conversion decreases as the temperature is increased within the range 20-35°C. The overall energy of activation has been found to be 9.8 kcal/mole. The optimum amount of sulfuric acid is essential to initiate the polymerization but its presence in excess produces no effect either on the rate of reaction or the maximum conversion. Water-miscible organic solvents and salts, e.g., CH3OH, C2H5OH, (CH3)2CHOH, KCl, and Na2SO4, depress the rate. Slight amounts of MnSO4 · H2O and a complexing agent NaF increase the rate of polymerization. Cationic and anionic detergents have been found to decrease and increase the rate, respectively, while nonionic surfactants have no effect on the rate of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1972), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die mit Kaliumbromat/Thioharnstoff ausgelöste Redoxpolymerisation von Acrylamid in wäßrigen, sauren Medien bei 25 ± 0,2°C unter Stickstoffatmosphäre untersucht.Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist im Bereich von 0,75·10-2 bis 2,0·10-2 mol·l-1 von der 1. Potenz der Kaliumbromatkonzentration und im Bereich von 2,85·10-2 bis 8,55·10-2 mol·l-1 annähernd von der 1. Potenz der Chlorwasserstoffkonzentration abhängig. Von der Thioharnstoffkonzentration ist die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit jedoch unabhängig; im Bereich von 6,0·10-2 bis 10,0·10-2 mol·l-1 ist sie hingegen von der 1. Potenz der Konzentration des Monomeren abhängig. Im Bereich von 19 bis 35°C nimmt die Startgeschwindigkeit mit steigender Temperatur zu, der maximale Umsatz hingegen ab.Die gesamte Aktivierungsenergie beträgt im genannten Temperaturbereich 22,9 kcal·mol-1. Mit Wasser mischbare, organische Lösungsmittel sowie mono- und dibasische Salze haben dieselbe Wirkung, wie sie von MISRA et al. beobachtet wurde. Kationische und anionische Netzmittel erhöhen bzw. erniedrigen die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (Rp), während neutrale Netzmittel keine Wirkung haben.
    Notes: The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by bromate/thiourea redox system has been studied in acidic media at 25 ± 0.2°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.The rate of polymerization has been found to vary with the first power of the potassium bromate concentration within the range 0.75·10-2 to 2.0·10-2 mole·1-1 and nearly with the first power of the hydrochloric acid concentration within the range 2.85·10-2 to 8.55·10-2 mole·1-1. However, the rate of polymerization is independent of the thiourea concentration, but varies with the first power of the monomer concentration within the range 6.0·10-2 to 10.0·10-2 mole·1-1. The initial rate increases but the maximum conversion decreases as the temperature increases within the range 19 to 35°C.The over all energy of activation has been found to be 22.9 kcal·mole-1 within the temperature range mentioned above. Water miscible organic solvents and mono- and dibasic salts show the same effect as given by MISRA et al. The effect of cationic and anionic surfactants has been found to increase and decrease the rate of polymerization (Rp) respectively, however non-ionic detergents have no effect on the (Rp).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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